Forward to space weather collection on geomagnetically induced currents: Commentary and research

Knipp, D. J.

doi:10.1002/2015sw001318

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Given the importance of the potential serious and widespread problems associated with disruptions to power systems, GICs have been characterized as one of the top space weather hazards by the scientific community and policy makers. This constant and imminent threat has led to regulatory actions not only in the United States but also at an international level (see, e.g., Cassak et al, 2017;Jonas & McCarron, 2015;Knipp, 2015;Pulkkinen et al, 2017). GICs are also a very common subject for modeling studies whose goal corresponds to the improvement of GIC forecasting (Barbosa et al, 2015(Barbosa et al, , 2017Blake et al, 2016;Ngwira et al, 2009;Pulkkinen, 2015;Torta et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2015Zhang et al, , 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomagnetically Induced Currents Caused by Interplanetary Shocks With Different Impact Angles and Speeds

et al. 2018

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The occurrence of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) poses serious threats to modern technological infrastructure. Large GICs result from sharp variations of the geomagnetic field (dB/dt) caused by changes of large‐scale magnetospheric and ionospheric currents. Intense dB/dt perturbations are known to occur often in high‐latitude regions as a result of storm time substorms. Magnetospheric compressions usually caused by interplanetary shocks increase the magnetopause current leading to dB/dt perturbations more evident in midlatitude to low‐latitude regions, while they increase the equatorial electrojet current leading to dB/dt perturbations in dayside equatorial regions. We investigate the effects of shock impact angles and speeds on the subsequent dB/dt perturbations with a database of 547 shocks observed at the L1 point. By adopting the threshold of dB/dt = 100 nT/min, identified as a risk factor to power systems, we find that dB/dt generally surpasses this threshold when following impacts of high‐speed and nearly frontal shocks in dayside high‐latitude locations. The same trend occurs at lower latitudes and for all nightside events but with fewer high‐risk events. Particularly, we found nine events in equatorial locations with dB/dt > 100 nT/min. All events were caused by high‐speed and nearly frontal shock impacts and were observed by stations located around noon local time. These high‐risk perturbations were caused by sudden strong and symmetric magnetospheric compressions, more effectively intensifying the equatorial electrojet current, leading to sharp dB/dt perturbations. We suggest that these results may provide insights for GIC forecasting aiming at preventing degradation of power systems due to GICs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomagnetically Induced Currents Caused by Interplanetary Shocks With Different Impact Angles and Speeds

et al. 2018

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“…Following the ever-more interconnectedness of power systems on all continents beginning in the mid-20th century, and especially the geomagnetic event of Easter Sunday in March 1940, the effects of GICs on power grids have become of very significant interest and concern. Knipp (2015) organized and moderated a collection of contemporary GIC-related publications, largely from American Geophysical Union journals, on GICs, and their especial present-day relevance to electrical power systems (Gaunt 2016). Unknown currents were observed on the early electrical telegraphs, causing anomalous operations of the receivers.…”

Section: Technologies Based Upon Long Conductorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space Weather: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

Lanzerotti

2017

Space Sci Rev

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A somewhat personalized overview is presented of the effects of solar-terrestrial processes on electrical technologies, beginning with the electrical telegraphs in the mideighteenth century to the current era of extensive ground-and space-based commercial and governmental technical systems (including national security) upon which modern society depends. As human technologies increased in diversity over the last century and a half, space weather effects have continued to be of significant importance in the successful design and operations of many of these technologies.

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“…Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) (94) associated with geomagnetic storms may damage physical infrastructure (specifically transformers), introduce voltage instabilities that can lead to a blackout without infrastructure damage, and interfere with protection systems and fault detection. (17,35,(95)(96)(97) It is important to note that the ionospheric current systems that couple to GICs are very structured, and are most intense at relatively high latitudes in the vicinity of the auroral ovals.…”

Section: Power Gridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Economic Impact of Space Weather: Where Do We Stand?

et al. 2017

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Space weather describes the way in which the Sun, and conditions in space more generally, impact human activity and technology both in space and on the ground. It is now well understood that space weather represents a significant threat to infrastructure resilience, and is a source of risk that is wide-ranging in its impact and the pathways by which this impact may occur. Although space weather is growing rapidly as a field, work rigorously assessing the overall economic cost of space weather appears to be in its infancy. Here, we provide an initial literature review to gather and assess the quality of any published assessments of space weather impacts and socioeconomic studies. Generally speaking, there is a good volume of scientific peer-reviewed literature detailing the likelihood and statistics of different types of space weather phenomena. These phenomena all typically exhibit "power-law" behavior in their severity. The literature on documented impacts is not as extensive, with many case studies, but few statistical studies. The literature on the economic impacts of space weather is rather sparse and not as well developed when compared to the other sections, most probably due to the somewhat limited data that are available from end-users. The major risk is attached to power distribution systems and there is disagreement as to the severity of the technological footprint. This strongly controls the economic impact. Consequently, urgent work is required to better quantify the risk of future space weather events.

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Forward to space weather collection on geomagnetically induced currents: Commentary and research

Abstract: This forward to the Special Collection (SC) on geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) describes the motivation for the SC, the association between space weather and GICs, the contributions of early papers on tellurics, and our intention to have the SC be a living document.

Cited by 9 publications

References 30 publications

Geomagnetically Induced Currents Caused by Interplanetary Shocks With Different Impact Angles and Speeds

Geomagnetically Induced Currents Caused by Interplanetary Shocks With Different Impact Angles and Speeds

Space Weather: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

The Economic Impact of Space Weather: Where Do We Stand?

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