Fougerite a Natural Layered Double Hydroxide in Gley Soil: Habitus, Structure, and Some Properties

Trolard, Fabienne; Bourrié, Guilhem

doi:10.5772/50211

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Mixed valence iron (nickel) sulfides (mackinawite and the thiospinels, greigite and violarite) and iron oxyhydroxides (green rust) dominated the mineralogy [128 -136]. It is worth noting in passing that mackinawite, violarite and greigite have structures generally affine with the active centres of hydrogenase (CO dehydrogenase (CODH) and acetyl coenzyme-A synthase (ACS)), whereas green rust has a similar structure to di-iron methane monooxygenase [19,126,[133][134][135][136].…”

Section: The Vehicle For the First Metabolic Freeenergy-converting Enmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 ) to form a well-ordered, variable valence platy mineral arranged orthogonally to the membrane outer surface, just as mackinawite tends to be oriented normal to the inner surface (figure 4) [123,[133][134][135][136]. The interlayers between these platelets offer subnanometric compartments in which water activity is vanishingly low.…”

Section: A Pyrophosphatase Engine: Chemiosmosis For Freementioning

confidence: 99%

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The inevitable journey to being

Russell

Nitschke²,

Branscomb

2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

121

159

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Life is evolutionarily the most complex of the emergent symmetry-breaking, macroscopically organized dynamic structures in the Universe. Members of this cascading series of disequilibria-converting systems, or engines in Cottrell's terminology, become ever more complicated—more chemical and less physical—as each engine extracts, exploits and generates ever lower grades of energy and resources in the service of entropy generation. Each one of these engines emerges spontaneously from order created by a particular mother engine or engines, as the disequilibrated potential daughter is driven beyond a critical point. Exothermic serpentinization of ocean crust is life's mother engine. It drives alkaline hydrothermal convection and thereby the spontaneous production of precipitated submarine hydrothermal mounds. Here, the two chemical disequilibria directly causative in the emergence of life spontaneously arose across the mineral precipitate membranes separating the acidulous, nitrate-bearing CO 2 -rich, Hadean sea from the alkaline and CH 4 /H 2 -rich serpentinization-generated effluents. Essential redox gradients—involving hydrothermal CH 4 and H 2 as electron donors, CO 2 and nitrate, nitrite, and ferric iron from the ambient ocean as acceptors—were imposed which functioned as the original ‘carbon-fixing engine’. At the same time, a post-critical-point (milli)voltage pH potential (proton concentration gradient) drove the condensation of orthophosphate to produce a high energy currency: ‘the pyrophosphatase engine’.

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Section: The Vehicle For the First Metabolic Freeenergy-converting Enmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Pyrophosphatase Engine: Chemiosmosis For Freementioning

confidence: 99%

The inevitable journey to being

Russell

Nitschke²,

Branscomb

2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

121

159

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“…In the interlayers of green rust, carbonate, sulfide, and chloride are stable as intercalates, but nitrate and nitrite are reduced to ammonium (NH 4 + ) in a matter of hours (Hansen et al, 2001;Trolard and Bourrié, 2012). Ammonium is a key ingredient for building amino acids from a-carboxylic acids in the presence of mixed ferrous-ferric hydroxides-which are critical for turning a primitive metabolic pathway into a ligand-accelerated autocatalytic system (Huber and Wäch-tershäuser, 2003;Milner-White and Russell, 2008;Russell et al, 2014;White et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Oxides in Early Earth's Atmosphere as Electron Acceptors for Life's Emergence

et al. 2017

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We quantify the amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx) produced through lightning and photochemical processes in the Hadean atmosphere to be available in the Hadean ocean for the emergence of life. Atmospherically generated nitrate (NO 3 -) and nitrite (NO 2 -) are the most attractive high-potential electron acceptors for pulling and enabling crucial redox reactions of autotrophic metabolic pathways at submarine alkaline hydrothermal vents. The Hadean atmosphere, dominated by CO 2 and N 2 , will produce nitric oxide (NO) when shocked by lightning. Photochemical reactions involving NO and H 2 O vapor will then produce acids such as HNO, HNO 2 , HNO 3 , and HO 2 NO 2 that rain into the ocean. There, they dissociate into or react to form nitrate and nitrite. We present new calculations based on a novel combination of early-Earth global climate model and photochemical modeling, and we predict the flux of NOx to the Hadean ocean. In our 0.1-, 1-, and 10-bar pCO 2 models, we calculate the NOx delivery to be 2.4 · 10 . After only tens of thousands to tens of millions of years, these NOx fluxes are expected to produce sufficient (micromolar) ocean concentrations of high-potential electron acceptors for the emergence of life.

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“…Green rust has a low redox potential, being almost as reducing as native iron (Fe 0 ) in anoxic alkaline conditions. [178] Indeed, as we have noted, GRs can compete with biotic pathways in the reduction of, for example, selenate and nitrate. [160,179] Moreover, we have seen how green rust, with its well-ordered hydrous innards, can act as an aminase.…”

Section: Green Rust -The First Organizing Nanoengine Of Life?mentioning

confidence: 87%

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life?  <strong> </strong>

Russell

2018

Preprint

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The most important problem of synthetic biology is…the reduction of carbonic acid. and Without the idea of spontaneous generation and a physical theory of life, the doctrine of evolution is a mutilated hypothesis without unity or cohesion.[1] Leduc, [1]Abstract: Korenaga and coworkers present evidence to suggest that 4.3 billion years ago the Earth's mantle was dry and water filled the ocean to twice its present volume.[2] CO2 was constantly exhaled during the mafic to ultramafic volcanic activity associated with magmatic plumes that produced the thick, dense and relatively stable oceanic crust. In that setting two distinct major types of sub-marine hydrothermal vents were active: ~400°C acidic springs whose effluents bore vast quantities of iron into the ocean, and ~120°C, highly alkaline and reduced vents exhaling from the cooler, serpentinizing crust at some distance from the heads of the plumes. When encountering the alkaline effluents, the iron from the plume head vents precipitated out forming mounds likely surrounded by voluminous exhalative deposits similar to the banded iron formations known from the Archean. These mounds and the surrounding sediments likely comprising nanocrysts of the variable valence FeII/FeIII oxyhydroxide, green rust. The precipitation of green rust, along with subsidiary iron sulfides and minor concentrations of Ni, Co and Mo in the environment at the alkaline springs may have established both the key bio-syntonic disequilibria, and the means to properly make use of them -those needed to drive the essential inanimate-to-animate transitions that launched life. In the submarine alkaline vent model for the emergence of life specifically it is first suggested that the redox-flexible green rust microcrysts spontaneously formed precipitated barriers to the complete mixing of carbonic ocean and alkaline hydrothermal fluids, barriers that created and maintained steep ionic disequilibria; and second, that the hydrous interlayers of green rust acted as 'engines' that were powered by those ionic disequilibria and drove essential endergonic reactions. There, aided by sulfides and trace elements acting as catalytic promoters and electron transfer agents, nitrate could be reduced to ammonia and carbon dioxide to formate, while methane may have been oxidized to methyl and formyl groups. Acetate and higher carboxylic acids could then have been produced from these C1 molecules and aminated to amino acids, and thence oligomerized to offer peptide nests to phosphate and iron sulfides and secreted to form primitive amyloid-bounded structures, leading conceivably to protocells.

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Fougerite a Natural Layered Double Hydroxide in Gley Soil: Habitus, Structure, and Some Properties

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

The inevitable journey to being

The inevitable journey to being

Nitrogen Oxides in Early Earth's Atmosphere as Electron Acceptors for Life's Emergence

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life?  <strong> </strong>

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Fougerite a Natural Layered Double Hydroxide in Gley Soil: Habitus, Structure, and Some Properties

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

The inevitable journey to being

The inevitable journey to being

Nitrogen Oxides in Early Earth's Atmosphere as Electron Acceptors for Life's Emergence

Green Rust: The Simple Organizing &lsquo;Seed&rsquo; of All Life?&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong> </strong>

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Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life? <strong> </strong>