Four-wave mixing in OH: comparison between CARS and DFWM

Bervas, H.; Attal‐Trétout, Brigitte; Labrunie, L.; Boiteux, S. Le

doi:10.1007/bf02455366

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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Section: Molecular Physics Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allowed the linewidths and lineshapes of each transition involved to be studied independently and enabled the contributions from stray light and non-resonant four-wave mixing processes to be 70 modelled. OH radicals were also involved in several works where resonantly enhanced CARS was compared to DFWM [60,145] However, more recently, the interest in using CARS for intermediate and minor species detection has experienced a kind of renaissance. In particular the dual-pump CARS approach illustrated in figure 5.2b where the probe laser wavelength is tuned to an electronic transition of the species under investigation was employed to study nitric oxide [132,[156][157][158][159] and acetylene [160].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Kiefer

Ewart

2011

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

131

112

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Laser-based methods have transformed combustion diagnostics in the past few decades. The high intensity, coherence, high spectral resolution and frequency tunability available from laser radiation has provided powerful tools for studying microscopic processes and macroscopic phenomena in combustion by linear and nonlinear optical processes. This review focuses on nonlinear optical techniques based on resonant four-wave mixing for non-intrusive measurements of minor species in combustion. The importance of minor species such as reaction intermediates is outlined together with the challenges they present for detection and measurement in the hostile environments of flames, technical combustors, and engines. The limitations of conventional optical methods for such measurements are described and the particular advantages of coherent methods using nonlinear optical techniques are discussed.The basic physics underlying four-wave wave mixing processes and theoretical models for signal calculation are then presented together with a discussion of how combustion parameters may be derived from analysis of signals generated in various four-wave mixing processes. The most important four-wave mixing processes, in this context, are then reviewed:Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM), Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), Laser Induced Grating Spectroscopy (LIGS) and Polarization Spectroscopy (PS). In each case the fundamental physics is outlined to explain the particular properties and diagnostic advantages of each technique. The application of the methods mentioned to molecular physics studies of combustion species is then reviewed along with their application in measurement of concentration, temperature and other combustion parameters. Related nonlinear techniques and recent extensions to the ultra-fast regime are briefly reviewed. Finally practical considerations relevant to multi-dimensional and multi-species measurements, as well as applications in technical combustion systems are discussed.Keywords: nonlinear optical spectroscopy, four-wave mixing, combustion diagnostics, minor species detection, laser-induced gratings, polarization spectroscopy IntroductionEnergy from renewable sources such as solar and wind power is the goal of much current research and technological development. Combustion, however, is and is likely to remain for the foreseeable future, the most important energy source for heat, electrical power and especially for transportation. In technical combustion systems the chemical energy of fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil and natural gas is converted into heat through oxidation with oxygen from air. However, fossil fuel resources are limited and alternatives like biofuels [1] or novel technologies such as fuel cells [2] are not yet able to meet the demand. Consequently, for a sustainable use of fossil fuels it is desirable to further improve the efficiency, maintainability and reliability of existing combustion devices. Achieving such improvements depends upon an improved understanding of t...

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Section: Molecular Physics Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Kiefer

Ewart

2011

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

131

112

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“…The pump beam P is vertically polarized whereas the P pump and the probe beam Pr are horizontally polarized. This arrangement was demonstrated to provide optimal signal to noise ratio in forward DFWM involving one-photon resonances [18,20]. The three parallel beams are focused at the probe volume using a 400 mm focal length lens for most of the study.…”

Section: Laser and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Forward beam arrangement (folded-BOXCARS) is preferred over the wellknown phase conjugation geometry when reactive media are to be probed [18]. It is of prime interest to combine the inherent advantage of a coherent four wave mixing process to the simplicity of a degenerate excitation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic oxygen detection using two-photon degenerate four wave mixing

Picard

Grisch

Attal‐Trétout

et al. 1997

Z Phys D - Atoms, Molecules and Clusters

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We report a new application of Forward Degenerate Four Wave Mixing to the two-photon transition 2pP3p of atomic oxygen. This spectroscopy has been used to detect oxygen atoms produced in a microwave discharge. The possibility to determine number densities over a range of microwave plasma parameters is investigated. In contrast to conventional linear techniques, quantitative data are relatively easy to obtain even for environments with high background luminosity, limited optical access and inhomogeneous quenching.

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“…Further details of the theoretical principles of nonlinear phenomena can be found in a number of textbooks 17,62,94 and review articles. 95,96 The list of FWM techniques for advanced optical diagnostics is quite long and includes degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM), [97][98][99][100][101] two-color FWM (TC-FWM), [102][103][104][105] polarization spectroscopy (PS), [106][107][108][109][110][111] CARS, 96 and LIGS also known as laser-induced thermal acoustics (LITA). [112][113][114] In the following, we will focus on the developments of the two latter, CARS and LIGS, and eventually review combined applications of linear and nonlinear methods.…”

Section: 93mentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Laser-Based Techniques for Gas-Phase Diagnostics in Combustion and Aerospace Engineering

Ehn

Zhu

et al. 2017

Appl Spectrosc

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Gaining information of species, temperature, and velocity distributions in turbulent combustion and high-speed reactive flows is challenging, particularly for conducting measurements without influencing the experimental object itself. The use of optical and spectroscopic techniques, and in particular laser-based diagnostics, has shown outstanding abilities for performing non-intrusive in situ diagnostics. The development of instrumentation, such as robust lasers with high pulse energy, ultra-short pulse duration, and high repetition rate along with digitized cameras exhibiting high sensitivity, large dynamic range, and frame rates on the order of MHz, has opened up for temporally and spatially resolved volumetric measurements of extreme dynamics and complexities. The aim of this article is to present selected important laser-based techniques for gas-phase diagnostics focusing on their applications in combustion and aerospace engineering. Applicable laser-based techniques for investigations of turbulent flows and combustion such as planar laser-induced fluorescence, Raman and Rayleigh scattering, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, laser-induced grating scattering, particle image velocimetry, laser Doppler anemometry, and tomographic imaging are reviewed and described with some background physics. In addition, demands on instrumentation are further discussed to give insight in the possibilities that are offered by laser flow diagnostics.

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Four-wave mixing in OH: comparison between CARS and DFWM

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Atomic oxygen detection using two-photon degenerate four wave mixing

Advanced Laser-Based Techniques for Gas-Phase Diagnostics in Combustion and Aerospace Engineering

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