“…Paul [1,2] and Penning [3,4] traps is a popular and powerful technique for mass analysis of polar analytes of limited or zero volatility (e.g., peptides, proteins, nucleotides, phospholipids, oligosaccharides, environmental mixtures, etc.). However, electrospray is a temporally continuous ion source, whereas mass analysis in an ion trap (Paul or Penning) is an inherently pulsed process, thereby limiting the experimental sensitivity and duty cycle.…”