Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Enamel Following Different Surface Treatments: An Invitro Study

Abstract

Dental caries is an oral disease that has a global footprint. The first onslaught is subsurface, and at this stage, it can be remineralized. This study attempts to analyze the compositional changes that occur during demineralization and different surface treatment remineralization protocols. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the compositional changes caused by different surface treatments on demineralized enamel. Methodology: Six extracted intact posterior teeth were selected and sectioned mesiodistally to achieve two halves. Each half was further divided into six equal sizes to achieve 12 samples per tooth. Except for one sample, which served as the control for that particular tooth, the remaining samples were placed in a demineralizing solution (acetate 0.1 Mol/L, calcium 0.1 Mol/L, phosphate 0.1 Mol/L and fluoride 0.1 mg/L pH 5.0) for 24 h. The samples were then assigned to groups and surface-treated as described below. The samples were grouped as follows so as to subject each sample to the following different surface treatments: Group 1: control, Group 2: Demineralized, Group 3: Laser 1 Watt, Group 4: Laser 2 Watts, Group 5: Laser 3 Watts, Group 6: Laser 3.5 Watts, Group 7: CPP-ACPF, Group 8: CPP-ACPF & Laser 3.5 Watts, Group 9: Enafix, Group 10: Enafix & Laser 3.5 Watts, Group 11: MI Paste and Group 12: MI Paste & Laser 3.5 Watts. The laser used for irradiating the samples in the respective laser groups utilized different wattages of an 810 nm aluminum–gallium–arsenide laser for 30 s. The samples were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). A qualitative analysis was performed. Result: The 3.5 watts aluminum–gallium–arsenide laser followed by CPP-ACPF caused compositional changes in the organic and inorganic components of the enamel tissues, and these changes were similar to those of the control teeth. Conclusion: Aluminum–gallium–arsenide laser irradiation alone does cause compositional changes and makes the enamel conducive for remineralization.

Anticariogenic Sanative Effect of Aluminum Gallium Arsenide Crystals on Hydroxyapatite Crystals

“…To establish the caries inhibitory role of aluminum gallium arsenide, a series of studies were conducted and thus validated the proposed hypothesis by Sharma et al [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”

“…Sonali et al have worked on the concept of utilizing a crystal irradiation to bring about remineralization of altered crystals with an increase in acid resistance [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The crystal utilized was aluminum gallium arsenide laser irradiation.…”

“…The high charge density on the fluoride ion, together with its symmetry, leads to a much adaptive and hermetic fit within the calcium II triangle. The cumulative effect is lowering of the lattice energy and effectively stabilizing the enamel crystal structure, the end result being increase in acid resistance (Figure 3e) [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”

“…Sonali Sharma conducted in vitro studies for standardization of a caries-inhibitory surface treatment protocol of enamel subsurface caries. It was observed that laser According to studies conducted by Sonali Sharma et al, if the subsurface lesions prior to cavitation are irradiated by 3.5 watts of 810 aluminum gallium laser for 30 s and thereafter the casein-phospho-peptide amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP ACP F) remineralizing paste is applied, then the acid resistance is observed to exponentially increase [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The inference drawn is that fluoride uptake is increased and the ion which replaces carbonate in the c-axis is larger in size.…”

Prospective effect of linkers type on the anticancer activity of pemetrexed-monoclonal antibody (atezolizumab) conjugates

“…The FTIR (Shimadzu 8400 S, Japan) was done using potassium bromide disc, wavelength (4000-500 cm -1 ) was used for PMX-PEG linkage, PMX-GABA linkage, pure PMX, pure PEG, pure GABA, physical mixture of PMX and PEG, and the physical mixture of PMX with GABA. 22…”