Fractal Grid – towards the future smart grid

Rétière, Nicolas; Muratore, Giovanni; Kariniotakis, George; Michiorri, Andrea; Frankhauser, Pierre; Caputo, Jean-Guy; Sidqi, Yousra; Girard, Robin; Poirson, Allan

doi:10.1049/oap-cired.2017.1236

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Fractal approach is also proposed for designing smart grid system architecture. Towards the fractal design approaches, emphasis is given on both self-similarity and self-orgnization as described by [12,13]. Taking the fractal concept further, Bytschkow et al [24] focused on the compositionality of self-similar components.…”

Section: Review On the Architectural Concepts For Microgrid Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the direction of fractal design research, there are also ongoing research projects such as Retière et.al. [13], who presented the methodology and initial results of the ongoing project Fractal Grid in the urban areas of Jura and Haute-Saone in France. Their work focused only on the criteria and constraints to be considered for creating the fractals for high and low voltage electrical networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing Self-Similar Hybrid Control Architecture Based on SGAM-Based Methodology for Distributed Microgrids

Gupta

Duchon

2018

Designs

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Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are the complex systems that control and coordinate physical infrastructures, which may be geographically apart, via the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). One such application of CPS is smart microgrids. Microgrids comprise both power consuming and power producing infrastructure and are capable of operating in grid connected and disconnected modes. Due to the presence of heterogeneous smart devices communicating over multiple communication protocols in a distributed environment, a system architecture is required. The objective of this paper is to approach the microgrid architecture from the software and systems’ design perspective. The architecture should be flexible to support various multiple communication protocols and is able to integrate various hardware technologies. It should also be modular and scalable to support various functionalities such as island mode operations, energy efficient operations, energy trading, predictive maintenance, etc. These requirements are the basis for designing the software architecture for the smart microgrids that should be able to manage not only electrical but all energy related systems. In this work, we propose a distributed, hybrid control architecture suited for microgrid environments, where entities are geographically distant and need to operate in a cohesive manner. The proposed system architecture supports various design philosophies such as component-based design, hierarchical composition of components, peer-to-peer design, distributed decision-making and controlling as well as plug-and-play during runtime. A unique capability of the proposed system architecture is the self-similarity of the components for the distributed microgrids. The benefit of the approach is that it supports these design philosophies at all the levels in the hierarchy in contrast to a typical centralized architectures where decisions are taken only at the global level. The proposed architecture is applied to a real system of 13 residential buildings in a low-voltage distribution network. The required implementation and deployment details for monitoring and controlling 13 residential buildings are also discussed in this work.

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Section: Review On the Architectural Concepts For Microgrid Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing Self-Similar Hybrid Control Architecture Based on SGAM-Based Methodology for Distributed Microgrids

Gupta

Duchon

2018

Designs

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“…Power systems are changing radically with the deepening penetration of distributed generation resources and flexible demand, e.g., electric vehicles (EVs). All these changes are leading towards the development of "fractal" grids that yield flexible, controllable, and interoperable systems that may be operated in an efficient and safe manner [1]. Fractal grids are more complex due to the numerous small scale devices that are connected to the system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed Optimal Power Flow for Unbalanced Radial Systems with Time-varying Communication

Apostolopoulou

Poudineh

Sen

2021

2021 IEEE Power &Amp; Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM)

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This paper proposes a distributed multi-period optimal power flow (OPF) formulation for unbalanced three-phase radial distribution systems over time-varying communication networks. To this end, we model the three-phase unbalanced network, distributed generators (DG), and electric vehicles' (EV) behaviour with inter-temporal constraints. Moreover, we represent the objectives of the distribution system operator and those of prosumers, e.g., who wish to minimise the cost of DG or the degradation cost of the EV batteries. We first formulate the centralised OPF that requires knowledge of DG costs; EV information in terms of desired energy, departure and arrival times that prosumers are reluctant in providing. Moreover, the computational effort required to solve the centralised OPF in cases of numerous DGs and EVs is very intensive. As such, we propose a distributed solution of the OPF over a time-varying communication network. We illustrate the proposed framework through a 33-bus distribution feeder.

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“…To achieve resiliency improvements, the grid control principles need to be scalable and agnostic to system size and topology while stabilizing the system in a decentralized fashion. Thus, a truly fractal approach is required towards designing control architectures for future grids where the system could break into smaller sub grids or coalesce into larger grids but still operate using the same control principles [28]. By utilizing a global signal to indicate the price of energy it would be possible to achieve better source-demand ratios and achieve economic operation through market equilibriums.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decentralized Real-Time Pricing to Achieve Integrated Transactive and Physical Grids

Jinsiwale

Divan

2019

IEEE Access

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With exponentially decreasing prices of PV the adoption of volatile and non-dispatchable sources into the grid has increased. Reliance on high speed communication and complex computations to handle these fast phenomena introduces points of failure and dramatically decreases the controllability and resiliency of the system. Real-time pricing mechanisms ensure that demand and source flexibility can be leveraged to hedge this volatility by balancing demand with available generation. Most pricing mechanisms are quasi real-time and rely on knowledge of system topology, feeder configuration and power flow patterns. This paper proposes a decentralized real-time pricing scheme that is dependent on system frequency. The global visibility of frequency as a pricing signal ensures that the dynamic price can be seen at every agent in the system. This gives every connected agent the ability to balance local needs while stabilizing the global system. By integrating the transactive and physical aspects of the grid, the system can be operated in a more optimal fashion. The approach demonstrates the ability to scale to islanded microgrids as well as larger market structures. By eliminating the need for low-latency communications and detailed network models, the system is also seen to be more resilient and flexible. The proposed approach shows the ability to dynamically balance generation and loads in real-time, while also achieving required market functions showing a truly integrated transactive and physical grid.INDEX TERMS Decentralized dispatch, fractal grids, PV penetration, real-time pricing, transactive energy.

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Fractal Grid – towards the future smart grid

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Developing Self-Similar Hybrid Control Architecture Based on SGAM-Based Methodology for Distributed Microgrids

Developing Self-Similar Hybrid Control Architecture Based on SGAM-Based Methodology for Distributed Microgrids

Distributed Optimal Power Flow for Unbalanced Radial Systems with Time-varying Communication

Decentralized Real-Time Pricing to Achieve Integrated Transactive and Physical Grids

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