Fractionation of low molecular weight polymers by dialysis

Brewer, P. I.

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(68)90066-9

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Note that copolymers have an unimodal molecular weight distribution, as indicated by the GPC chromatograms in Figure S1 (see Supporting Information). Furthermore, it is likely that the dialysis of the newly synthesized copolymers has generated moderately low polydispersity indices (Ð) 21 of AQM-82, −74, and −59 (See Table I) of which the molecular weights are more close to the molecular weight cut-off of the used dialysis tubing (3.5 kDa MWCO) compared to AQM-40 and AQM-45; in consequence, a higher proportion of low-molecular-weight polymer chains in the first three copolymers is removed. While in the cases of AQM-40 and AQM-45, the lower limit of molecular weights of the polymer chains must be greater, which resulted in a less efficient fractionation and therefore the higher values of Ð.…”

Section: Synthesis and Characterization Of Copolymers Aqm-vpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles of 4,7‐dichloro‐2‐quinolinemethylacrylate‐based copolymers and their potential cytotoxic activity on human breast carcinoma cells

Valle

Palao-Suay

Aguilar

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this article, an improved synthesis strategy of the potent anticancer compound 4,7-dichloro-2-quinolinemethanol (QM) and its acrylate ester 4,7-dichloro-2-quinolinemethylacrylate (AQM) are described. AQM is copolymerized using free-radical polymerization with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VP) and the copolymers obtained from different molar ratios of monomers are subjected to nanoprecipitation to produce suspensions of nanoparticles (NPs) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The smallest and stable NPs are prepared with the AQM-VP copolymers 45:55 and 40:60 (118.9 and 128.7 nm in diameter, respectively) at 1 mg mL −1 , and along with AQM and QM, are evaluated for their cytotoxic activity on MDA-MB-453 breast carcinoma cells using MTT bioassay. AQM and QM are highly cytotoxic (IC 50 : 19 and 41 μM, respectively); however, the NPs are not cytotoxic in the range of the assayed concentrations. These results contribute to the search for new polymeric NPs with potential application as QM delivery systems for the treatment of cancer or other diseases treatable with QM.There are several cellular internalization mechanisms that are influenced by the physicochemical properties of the NPs. These are phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. With the exception of the last Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.

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Section: Synthesis and Characterization Of Copolymers Aqm-vpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles of 4,7‐dichloro‐2‐quinolinemethylacrylate‐based copolymers and their potential cytotoxic activity on human breast carcinoma cells

Valle

Palao-Suay

Aguilar

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…After all, if our maxims are so deep within us that they are not consciously accessible, 42 then there is no clear sense in which we could have endorsed them, and so no clear sense in which they are self-imposed rules. 43 Finally, any theory of maxims that holds them to be general policies that we always act on faces the problem of explaining weak-willed actions. 44 Akratic actions seem to be paradigmatic cases of actions undertaken in spite of policies we hold, and ⁄ or want to hold.…”

Section: Maxims As Underlying Intentions or Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Work on Kantian Maxims I: Established Approaches

Gressis

2010

Philosophy Compass

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Maxims play a crucial role in Kant’s ethical philosophy, but there is significant disagreement about what maxims are. In this two‐part essay, I survey eight different views of Kantian maxims, presenting their strengths, and their weaknesses. Part I: Established Approaches, begins with Rüdiger Bubner’s view that Kant took maxims to be what ordinary people of today take them to be, namely pithily expressed precepts of morality or prudence. Next comes the position, most associated with Rüdiger Bittner and Otfried Höffe, that maxims are Lebensregeln, or ‘life‐rules’– quite general rules for how to conduct oneself based on equally general outlooks on how the world is. These first two interpretations make sense of Kant’s claim, made in his anthropological and pedagogical writings, that we have to learn how to act on maxims, but they become less plausible in light of Kant’s probable view that people always act on maxims – after all, how can people learn how to act on something they always act on anyway? The next two views, each advanced, at different times, by Onora O’Neill, make better sense of the fact that people always act on maxims, for they hold that maxims are intentions – either specific intentions, such as ‘to open the door’, or general intentions, such as ‘to make guests feel welcome’– and it is perfectly sensible to claim that people always act on intentions. However, they face the same problem as the two previous views, which is that if people always act on maxims, what sense does it make to say they also have to learn how to act on them? Henry Allison, the main representative of the fifth view, claims, on the basis of Kant’s doctrine of the ‘highest maxim’, that maxims are principles organized hierarchically, such that an agent endorses one maxim because she endorses a more general maxim. Unfortunately for Allison, there is little direct textual support for his claim that maxims are organized hierarchically.

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Fractionation of Polymers

Barrales‐Rienda

Bello

et al. 1999

The Wiley Database of Polymer Properties

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Fractionation of low molecular weight polymers by dialysis

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Nanoparticles of 4,7‐dichloro‐2‐quinolinemethylacrylate‐based copolymers and their potential cytotoxic activity on human breast carcinoma cells

Nanoparticles of 4,7‐dichloro‐2‐quinolinemethylacrylate‐based copolymers and their potential cytotoxic activity on human breast carcinoma cells

Recent Work on Kantian Maxims I: Established Approaches

Fractionation of Polymers

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