“…One of the key factors motivating these research has been to identify the potential impacts on mobility, land use, and commerce (Combes, 2019;Gerend, 2017;Guerin et al, 2021;Guerin & Vieira, 2018;Kang, 2020;Lin, 2019;Nahiduzzaman et al, 2019;Oliveira et al, 2021;Pettersson et al, 2016;Strale, 2020). These studies show evidence from the Netherlands, Brazil, China, France, and Germany that e-commerce has had significant impacts on the spatial structure of cities, land use, and mobility.…”