Framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems

Mishra, Lokesh; Alibert, Yann; Udry, S.; Mordasini, Christoph

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244705

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Inspired by the peas in a pod architecture (Weiss et al 2018;Millholland et al 2017;Mishra et al 2021), we introduced a new framework for studying the architecture of planetary systems (Mishra et al 2023, ;hereafter Paper I). Studying the architecture as a global-system level phenomena, this framework allows us to characterise, quantify, and compare the architecture of individual planetary systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. II. Nature versus nurture: Emergent formation pathways of architecture classes

Mishra¹,

Alibert²,

Udry³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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In the first paper of this series, we proposed a model-independent framework for characterising the architecture of planetary systems at the system level. There are four classes of planetary system architecture: similar, mixed, anti-ordered, and ordered. In this paper, we investigate the formation pathways leading to these four architecture classes. To understand the role of nature versus nurture in sculpting the final (mass) architecture of a system, we apply our architecture framework to synthetic planetary systems -formed via core-accretion -using the Bern model. General patterns emerge in the formation pathways of the four architecture classes. Almost all planetary systems emerging from protoplanetary disks whose initial solid mass was less than one Jupiter mass are similar. Systems emerging from heavier disks may become mixed, anti-ordered, or ordered. Increasing dynamical interactions (planet-planet, planet-disk) tends to shift a system's architecture from mixed to anti-ordered to ordered. Our model predicts the existence of a new metallicity-architecture correlation. Similar systems have very high occurrence around low-metallicity stars. The occurrence of the anti-ordered and ordered classes increases with increasing metallicity. The occurrence of mixed architecture first increases and then decreases with increasing metallicity. In our synthetic planetary systems, the role of nature is disentangled from the role of nurture. Nature (or initial conditions) pre-determines whether the architecture of a system becomes similar; otherwise nurture influences whether a system becomes mixed, anti-ordered, or ordered. We propose the 'Aryabhata formation scenario' to explain some planetary systems which host only water-rich worlds. We finish this paper with a discussion of future observational and theoretical works that may support or refute the results of this paper.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. II. Nature versus nurture: Emergent formation pathways of architecture classes

Mishra¹,

Alibert²,

Udry³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In a companion paper, we investigate the formation pathways, i.e. the role of initial conditions and physical processes in shaping the final architecture (Mishra et al (2023) referred to as Paper II). Our work demonstrates that the processes of planet formation and evolution are imprinted on the entire systemlevel architecture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems

Mishra

Alibert

Udry

et al. 2023

A&A

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We present a novel, model-independent framework for studying the architecture of an exoplanetary system at the system level. This framework allows us to characterise, quantify, and classify the architecture of an individual planetary system. Our aim in this endeavour is to generate a systematic method to study the arrangement and distribution of various planetary quantities within a single planetary system. We propose that the space of planetary system architectures be partitioned into four classes: similar, mixed, anti-ordered, and ordered. We applied our framework to observed and synthetic multi-planetary systems, thereby studying their architectures of mass, radius, density, core mass, and the core water mass fraction. We explored the relationships between a system’s (mass) architecture and other properties. Our work suggests that: (a) similar architectures are the most common outcome of planet formation; (b) internal structure and composition of planets shows a strong link with their system architecture; (c) most systems inherit their mass architecture from their core mass architecture; (d) most planets that started inside the ice line and formed in-situ are found in systems with a similar architecture; and (e) most anti-ordered systems are expected to be rich in wet planets, while most observed mass ordered systems are expected to have many dry planets. We find, in good agreement with theory, that observations are generally biased towards the discovery of systems whose density architectures are similar, mixed, or anti-ordered. This study probes novel questions and new parameter spaces for understanding theory and observations. Future studies may utilise our framework to not only constrain the knowledge of individual planets, but also the multi-faceted architecture of an entire planetary system. We also speculate on the role of system architectures in hosting habitable worlds.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. I. Four classes of planetary system architecture

Mishra¹,

Alibert²,

Udry³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We present a novel, model-independent framework for studying the architecture of an exoplanetary system at the system level. This framework allows us to characterise, quantify, and classify the architecture of an individual planetary system. Our aim in this endeavour is to generate a uniform systematic method to study the arrangement and distribution of various planetary quantities within a single planetary system. We propose that the space of planetary system architectures be partitioned into four classes: similar, mixed, anti-ordered, and ordered. A central aim of this paper is to introduce these four architecture classes. We applied our framework to observed and synthetic multi-planetary systems, thereby studying their architectures of mass, radius, density, core mass, and the core water mass fraction. We explored the relationships between a system's (mass) architecture and other properties. Our work suggests that: (a) similar architectures are the most common outcome of planet formation; (b) internal structure and composition of planets shows a strong link with their system architecture; (c) most systems inherit their mass architecture from their core mass architecture; (d) most planets that started inside the ice line and formed in-situ are found in systems with a similar architecture; and (e) most anti-ordered systems are expected to be rich in wet planets, while most observed mass ordered systems are expected to have many dry planets. We find, in good agreement with theory, that observations are generally biased towards the discovery of systems whose density architectures are similar, mixed, or anti-ordered. This study probes novel questions and new parameter spaces for understanding theory and observations. Future studies may utilise our framework to not only constrain the knowledge of individual planets, but also the multi-faceted architecture of an entire planetary system. We also speculate on the role of system architectures in hosting habitable worlds.

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Framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems

Cited by 15 publications

References 84 publications

A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. II. Nature versus nurture: Emergent formation pathways of architecture classes

A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. II. Nature versus nurture: Emergent formation pathways of architecture classes

Framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems

A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. I. Four classes of planetary system architecture

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