Frequency restoration reserves procurement with HVDC systems

A SCOPF model for congestion management considering power flow controlling devices

“…The preventive redispatch cost is taken as 1.5 times the dispatch cost for all generators. The generator curative redisptach cost for different contingencies is taken as five times the dispatch cost [27]. A high demand curtailment cost of 5,000 e/MWh is considered to discourage load shedding and only use it in extreme cases [28].…”