Friction factor correlations for gas–liquid/liquid–liquid flows with drag-reducing polymers in horizontal pipes

Experimental study on the effect of drag reducing polymer on flow patterns and drag reduction in a horizontal oil–water flow

“…The effectiveness of the DRP was found to be independent of the polymer concentration in the master solution and to some extent pipe length. The friction factor correlation proposed by Al-Sarkhi et al (2011) for horizontal flow of oil-water using DRPs was found to underpredict the present experimental pressure gradient data.…”

“…Finally, Al-Sarkhi et al (2011) correlation was found to underpredict the experimental data obtained in this study. This was attributed to the higher oil viscosity used in the current study.…”

“…Above 400 Pa/m, the error in prediction is becoming appreciable reaching about 40% at the highest point. This can be attributed to that fact that Al-Sarkhi et al (2011) developed the correlation based on the experimental pressure gradient data of and Al-Yaari et al (2009) in which oil viscosities were lower than the one used in this study. The average error was found to be around 32%.…”

Going against the flow—A review of non-additive means of drag reduction

“…Al-Sarkhi [51], presented a comprehensive review paper describing the characteristics of the two-phase flow with drag-reducing additives. Polymers were utilized in many occasions as DRAs in gas-liquid and liquid-liquid flow systems [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. Compared to polymer DRAs, surfactant DRAs attracted less attention and have been mainly applied in gas-liquid flow systems [60][61][62][63].…”

Reviews on drag reducing polymers

“…• Have been widely applied as drag reducers in gasliquid and liquid-liquid flow systems [156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163]. • Subjected to mechanical degradation as their bonds rupture and their ability to reduce drag diminishes at high pumping shear rate especially for closed-loop systems.…”