From 1G to 5G

Hodara, H.; Škaljo, Edvin

doi:10.1080/01468030.2021.1919358

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a packet-switching protocol still commonly used for wireless and cellular communication services on the 2G and 3G network's global systems. However, over the last years, GSM and GPRS have mainly been superseded by 4G and 5G mobile data technologies [110]. Tsang et al [58] used GPRS to evaluate fruits during the transportation stage, while Wang et al [61] used it to evaluate the quality of peaches during all stages of the supply chain.…”

Section: Data Communication-the Communication Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tsang et al [58] used GPRS to evaluate fruits during the transportation stage, while Wang et al [61] used it to evaluate the quality of peaches during all stages of the supply chain. The mobile networks (3G, 4G and 5G) comprise mobile data connections that use a network of phone towers to pass signals, ensuring a stable and relatively fast connection over long distances [110]. Each generation differs from the others based on its capacities, e.g., speed (lower latency), network volume (higher bandwidth) and accessibility (longer range of service).…”

Section: Data Communication-the Communication Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Systematic Review of Real-Time Monitoring Technologies and Its Potential Application to Reduce Food Loss and Waste: Key Elements of Food Supply Chains and IoT Technologies

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Continuous monitoring of food loss and waste (FLW) is crucial for improving food security and mitigating climate change. By measuring quality parameters such as temperature and humidity, real-time sensors are technologies that can continuously monitor the quality of food and thereby help reduce FLW. While there is enough literature on sensors, there is still a lack of understanding on how, where and to what extent these sensors have been applied to monitor FLW. In this paper, a systematic review of 59 published studies focused on sensor technologies to reduce food waste in food supply chains was performed with a view to synthesising the experience and lessons learnt. This review examines two aspects of the field, namely, the type of IoT technologies applied and the characteristics of the supply chains in which it has been deployed. Supply chain characteristics according to the type of product, supply chain stage, and region were examined, while sensor technology explores the monitored parameters, communication protocols, data storage, and application layers. This article shows that, while due to their high perishability and short shelf lives, monitoring fruit and vegetables using a combination of temperature and humidity sensors is the most recurring goal of the research, there are many other applications and technologies being explored in the research space for the reduction of food waste. In addition, it was demonstrated that there is huge potential in the field, and that IoT technologies should be continually explored and applied to improve food production, management, transportation, and storage to support the cause of reducing FLW.

show abstract

Section: Data Communication-the Communication Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Communication-the Communication Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Real-Time Monitoring Technologies and Its Potential Application to Reduce Food Loss and Waste: Key Elements of Food Supply Chains and IoT Technologies

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Carrier aggregation provides a flexible architecture to enhance capacity and combine spectrum assets to fulfil these severe data demands. Fundamentally, carrier aggregation combines the capabilities of cellular base stations and mobile gadgets, enabling them to send and receive data simultaneously over several carriers ranging from 600 MHz to mm Wave bands [2]. This joining of dissimilar bands unlocks significant increases in bandwidth and maximum data rates and allows more effective use of fragmented spectrum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maximum flexibility is possible with the latter strategy, but implementation difficulty increases. Through 3GPP standardization initiatives, CA capabilities have been synchronized with the advancement of networks and devices, from initial dual/triple carrier setups to the present Release-15 maximum of 32 aggregated carriers [2]. Key features include multi-connectivity choices across cell layers, innovative MIMO antenna methods, diversified bandwidth, downlink and uplink carrier bonding, and configurations encompassing licensed and unlicensed bands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LTE & 5G NR Carrier Aggregation Network Optimization through Advanced Measurement Configuration

Patel

2023

JoTSSN

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The ability to merge numerous frequency carriers-component carriers-to increase transmission bandwidth and throughput speeds over what can be achieved with a single carrier is known as carrier aggregation, and it is a crucial technology in 4G LTE and 5G networks. Cellular devices may attain gigabit data speeds by combining carriers from several frequency bands, such as 600 MHz to mm Wave frequencies, to increase downlink and uplink capacity. This study examines LTE and 5G New Radio (NR) carrier aggregation schemes and analyzes their important features, including advanced multiantenna setups, bandwidth scaling, maximal data rates, and frequency compatibility. Analyzing realworld measurement setup processes that provide dynamic carrier aggregation by activating secondary cells in response to device feedback is a primary emphasis. The research draws attention to the shortcomings of current methods that put multi-user situations at risk of overcrowding by mandating neighbor assessments across all active performance criteria. On a scale, the resulting burden significantly reduces aggregation latency and efficiency. An intelligent measuring method that improves aggregation receptivity and reliability is suggested to solve these drawbacks. Carriers are activated quicker, and device processing and power consumption are minimized by setting devices selectively depending on segmentation and application requirements rather than static setups. Continuous monitoring further corresponds to changing network circumstances to enhance spectrum use. Thus, the concepts offer a workable framework for utilizing measurement input to realize the promise of multicarrier cellular networks fully. Such aggregation advances are necessary for more intelligent and robust 5G connection as high data demands push the limits of infrastructure capabilities.

show abstract

“…With the rapid development of mobile communication technology from the first generation (1G) to the fifth generation (5G), the frequency of applied wireless electromagnetic waves is also increasing [1,2]. The data transmission rate is thousands of times higher than before.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antisymmetric localization of terahertz defect modes in a planar waveguide with undulated walls

Ma¹,

Liu²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Phys. Scr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although various terahertz (THz) functional devices based on artificial materials have been widely proposed, their performance is still unsatisfactory due to the limitation of the involved guided wave modes. The introduction of defects can result in a strong localization effect, which has been found in applications of improving device performance. Due to Bragg resonances, the localization is usually symmetrical about the center of defects. Here, based on multiple mode resonances, we demonstrate an antisymmetric localization of THz waves in a periodic parallel plate waveguide with non-Bragg nature resonances. Unexpectedly, such resonances can produce two extremely narrow transmissions with a transmittance close to 1, and the narrowest linewidth can reach 2 MHz and the Q-factor is close to 7.5×105, which would be good candidates for THz filtering and sensing. Referring to the field distributions, we employ the mathematical operation symbols of the equal sign “=” and the multiplication sign “×” to intuitively mark these two antisymmetric localizations with different characteristics. The dispersion curves and mode analysis reveal that the observed antisymmetric localizations caused by non-Bragg resonances are induced by the first- and second-order transverse modes. Furthermore, the frequency of antisymmetric localizations can be manipulated by changing the geometry of defects. Our findings on extremely narrow transmission peaks and antisymmetric localizations pave a way for creating high performance THz functional devices, such as switches, filters, and sensors.

show abstract

From 1G to 5G

Cited by 17 publications

References 4 publications

A Systematic Review of Real-Time Monitoring Technologies and Its Potential Application to Reduce Food Loss and Waste: Key Elements of Food Supply Chains and IoT Technologies

A Systematic Review of Real-Time Monitoring Technologies and Its Potential Application to Reduce Food Loss and Waste: Key Elements of Food Supply Chains and IoT Technologies

LTE & 5G NR Carrier Aggregation Network Optimization through Advanced Measurement Configuration

Antisymmetric localization of terahertz defect modes in a planar waveguide with undulated walls

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About