From attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder to medical stimulant use to the diversion of prescribed stimulants to non‐medical stimulant use: connecting the dots

Poulin, Christiane

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01758.x

Cited by 130 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…23 Our genderbased finding for increased non-medical stimulant use is consistent with that of a study conducted in the Atlantic provinces, where males reported more non-medical use. 24 Students of low SES reported the highest rates for using all three types of medication recreationally, supporting findings from a recent Canadian study of recreational opioid use among youth. 4 Youth living in poorer socio-economic conditions may confront greater barriers when faced with decisions about engaging in drug use, as they may have fewer opportunities for structured recreation, more deviant peers, less parental supervision and more stressful life events.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Recreational use of prescription medications among Canadian young people: Identifying disparities

Pulver

Davison

Pickett

2014

Can J Public Health

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Recreational use of prescription medications among Canadian young people: Identifying disparities

Pulver

Davison

Pickett

2014

Can J Public Health

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“…Youth with legitimate prescriptions may divert medications to peers. In one Canadian study, approximately 25% of students taking prescribed methlyphenidate reported giving or selling some of their medication [7]. A study of Michigan secondary school students found that 27% gave away or loaned their medication (including stimulants, psychotherapeutics, and analgesics) to someone else, often a family member [8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Nonmedical Use of Prescription Medications: An Emerging Risk Behavior Among Rural Adolescents

Levine¹,

Coupey

2009

Journal of Adolescent Health

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“…They are commonly prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but are frequently diverted for enhancement use by students and others (e.g., Wilens et al, 2008;Poulin, 2007;McCabe, Teter, & Boyd, 2006). Guided by the findings of Smith and Farah's (2011) review, we focus on the cognitive processes that seemed most likely to be enhanced by stimulants, specifically inhibitory control, working memory, and episodic memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis

Ilieva

Hook²,

Farah³

2015

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

116

110

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The use of prescription stimulants to enhance healthy cognition has significant social, ethical, and public health implications. The large number of enhancement users across various ages and occupations emphasizes the importance of examining these drugs' efficacy in a nonclinical sample. The present meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the magnitude of the effects of methylphenidate and amphetamine on cognitive functions central to academic and occupational functioning, including inhibitory control, working memory, short-term episodic memory, and delayed episodic memory. In addition, we examined the evidence for publication bias. Forty-eight studies (total of 1,409 participants) were included in the analyses. We found evidence for small but significant stimulant enhancement effects on inhibitory control and short-term episodic memory. Small effects on working memory reached significance, based on one of our two analytical approaches. Effects on delayed episodic memory were medium in size. However, because the effects on longterm and working memory were qualified by evidence for publication bias, we conclude that the effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate on the examined facets of healthy cognition is probably modest overall. In some situations, a small advantage may be valuable, although it is also possible that healthy users resort to stimulants to enhance their energy and motivation more than their cognition. The large number of enhancement users across various ages and occupations emphasizes the importance of examining these drugs' efficacy in a nonclinical sample. The present meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the magnitude of the effects of methylphenidate and amphetamine on cognitive functions central to academic and occupational functioning, including inhibitory control, working memory, short-term episodic memory, and delayed episodic memory. In addition, we examined the evidence for publication bias. Forty-eight studies (total of 1,409 participants) were included in the analyses. We found evidence for small but significant stimulant enhancement effects on inhibitory control and short-term episodic memory. Small effects on working memory reached significance, based on one of our two analytical approaches. Effects on delayed episodic memory were medium in size. However, because the effects on long-term and working memory were qualified by evidence for publication bias, we conclude that the effect of amphetamine and methylphenidate on the examined facets of healthy cognition is probably modest overall. In some situations, a small advantage may be valuable, although it is also possible that healthy users resort to stimulants to enhance their energy and motivation more than their cognition. ■

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From attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder to medical stimulant use to the diversion of prescribed stimulants to non‐medical stimulant use: connecting the dots

Cited by 130 publications

References 27 publications

Recreational use of prescription medications among Canadian young people: Identifying disparities

Recreational use of prescription medications among Canadian young people: Identifying disparities

Nonmedical Use of Prescription Medications: An Emerging Risk Behavior Among Rural Adolescents

Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis

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