From bumblebee to bioeconomy: Recent developments and perspectives for sophorolipid biosynthesis

Dierickx, Sven; Castelein, Martijn Georges; Remmery, Jelle; Clercq, Veerle De; Lodens, Sofie; Baccile, Niki; Maeseneire, Sofie L. De; Roelants, Sophie; Soetaert, Wim

doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107788

Cited by 53 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 262 publications

(379 reference statements)

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“…The first hypothesis (1) that SL production constitutes an overflow metabolism in order to regulate intracellular energy levels was proposed by Davila et al [30]. This theory can be easily rejected based on convenient knowledge: overflow metabolism relates to a deficit in the cofactor NAD + , which cannot be regenerated through the biosynthesis of SLs [41]; an elaborated argumentation can be found in Dierickx et al [42]. The latter three hypotheses (3)(4)(5) are rather speculative without substantiated data and are therefore investigated in this research article, together with the hypothesis on the antimicrobial activity (2) for which some preliminary data exist.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidation of the Natural Function of Sophorolipids Produced by Starmerella bombicola

Clercq

Roelants

Castelein

et al. 2021

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The yeast Starmerella bombicola distinguishes itself from other yeasts by its potential of producing copious amounts of the secondary metabolites sophorolipids (SLs): these are glycolipid biosurfactants composed out of a(n) (acetylated) sophorose moiety and a lipid tail. Although SLs are the subject of numerous research papers and have been commercialized, e.g., in eco-friendly cleaning solutions, the natural function of SLs still remains elusive. This research article investigates several hypotheses for why S. bombicola invests that much energy in the production of SLs, and we conclude that the main natural function of SLs in S. bombicola is niche protection: (1) the extracellular storage of an energy-rich, yet metabolically less accessible carbon source that can be utilized by S. bombicola upon conditions of starvation with (2) antimicrobial properties. In this way, S. bombicola creates a dual advantage in competition with other microorganisms. Additionally, SLs can expedite growth on rapeseed oil, composed of triacylglycerols which are hydrophobic substrates present in the yeasts’ environment, for a non-SL producing strain (Δcyp52M1). It was also found that—at least under lab conditions—SLs do not provide protection against high osmotic pressure prevalent in sugar-rich environments such as honey or nectar present in the natural habitat of S. bombicola.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidation of the Natural Function of Sophorolipids Produced by Starmerella bombicola

Clercq

Roelants

Castelein

et al. 2021

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“…As described by Baccile et al [ 10 ], SL is usually obtained by fermentation as a mixture of several congeners, and the yield ratio of acidic and lactone forms is approximately 20:80. LC-MS was used to investigate the composition ratio and structure of the SL formed from rapeseed oil as a hydrophobic carbon source.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SL can lower the surface tension of water to as low as 34.2 mN/m, and the mean CMC of SL is smaller than that of classical head and tail ionic surfactants and comparable to that of non-ionic surfactants [ 9 ]. SL not only displays a surface-lowering property but also exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and other biological activities [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Moreover, the high yield of SL production by non-pathogenic yeasts makes it commercially attractive and provides a promising alternative for the synthesis of surfactants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sophorolipid Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Cells through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Ma²,

Chen³

et al. 2022

Molecules

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Objectives: Biosurfactants with anti-inflammatory activity may alleviate skin irritation caused by synthetic surfactants in cleaning products. Sophorolipid (SL) is a promising alternative to synthetic surfactants. However, there are few reports on the anti-inflammatory activity of SL and the underlying mechanism. The purpose of this work is to verify that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation could be inhibited through targeting the pathway of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in RAW264.7 cells. Methods: The influence of SL on cytokine release was investigated by LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells using ELISA. The quantification of the protein expression of corresponding molecular markers was realized by Western blot analysis. Flow cytometry was employed to determine the levels of Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The relative expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was determined by RT-PCR. An immunofluorescence assay and confocal microscope were used to observe the NF-κB/p65 translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. The likely targets of SL were predicted by molecular docking analysis. Results: SL showed anti-inflammatory activity and reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO). The experimental results show that SL suppressed the Ca2+ and ROS levels influx in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and alleviated the LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2, the LPS-induced translocation of NF-κB (p65) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, and the expression of phosphorylated proteins such as p65 and IκBα. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis showed that SL may inhibit inflammatory signaling by competing with LPS to bind TLR4/MD-2 through hydrophobic interactions and by inhibiting IKKβ activation through the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that SL exerted anti-inflammatory activity via the pathway of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells.

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“…Sophorolipids are a glycolipid compound that is produced by a mixture of different molecules, which is commonly made up of glucose disaccharide sophorose and a hydroxylated fatty acid. The mixture of different congeners is susceptible to batch-to-batch variability of the compounds, resulting in discrepancy in the biological and physicochemical properties of the batches produced [ 33 ]. As such, in-product uniformity should be increased through production process and strain engineering to reduce batch-to-batch variation and ensure consistency.…”

Section: Overview Of Sophorolipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sophorolipids—Bio-Based Antimicrobial Formulating Agents for Applications in Food and Health

Cho

Yap

et al. 2022

Molecules

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Sophorolipids are well-known glycolipid biosurfactants, produced mainly by non-pathogenic yeast species such as Candida bombicola with high yield. Its unique environmental compatibility and high biodegradable properties have made them a focus in the present review for their promising applications in diverse areas. This study aims to examine current research trends of sophorolipids and evaluate their applications in food and health. A literature search was conducted using different research databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, and Wiley Online Library to identify studies on the fundamental mechanisms of sophorolipids and their applications in food and health. Studies have shown that various structural forms of sophorolipids exhibit different biological and physicochemical properties. Sophorolipids represent one of the most attractive biosurfactants in the industry due to their antimicrobial action against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms for applications in food and health sectors. In this review, we have provided an overview on the fundamental properties of sophorolipids and detailed analysis of their applications in diverse areas such as food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities.

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From bumblebee to bioeconomy: Recent developments and perspectives for sophorolipid biosynthesis

Cited by 53 publications

References 262 publications

Elucidation of the Natural Function of Sophorolipids Produced by Starmerella bombicola

Elucidation of the Natural Function of Sophorolipids Produced by Starmerella bombicola

Sophorolipid Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammation in RAW264.7 Cells through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Sophorolipids—Bio-Based Antimicrobial Formulating Agents for Applications in Food and Health

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