From single droplet to column design

Copper extraction from ammoniacal medium in a pulsed sieve-plate column with LIX 84-I

“…In the first group, the axial dispersion model is the most frequently used. In this model, all the hydrodynamic non-idealities are quantified through the axial dispersion coefficient [38]. Although this model does not properly describe the real hydrodynamic behaviour in the column [39], it conjugates the relative ease of implementation with the achievement of relatively accurate mass transfer results [40].…”

“…So, these models predict within a good accuracy the drop size distribution, the dispersed phase hold-up and the concentration profiles in the extraction columns [38,39]. However, such models have the disadvantage of being complicated in terms of mathematical formulation [41][42][43] and are of limited usefulness for control system design [44].…”

Status of the Reactive Extraction as a Method of Separation

“….). The liquid ion exchangers are used to promote a certain reaction to accomplish very selective separations [19]. There are many liquid ion exchangers commercially available.…”

“…. (19) The values of equilibrium extraction constant ( ) and the stoichiometry ( , ) of the reactive extraction are determined by minimizing the error between the experimental and predicted values of . The equilibrium model for the simultaneous formation of various types of acid-extractant complexes (1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 1 : 2, etc.)…”

Experimental investigation of the effects of the hydrophilic silica nanoparticles on mass transfer and hydrodynamics of single drop extraction

“…Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is widely used in petroleum, pharmaceutical and chemical industries [1]. Enhancing mass transfer in LLE operations has attracted interest and different techniques such as chemical and mechanical methods and use of nanoparticles have been examined.…”