2016
DOI: 10.3390/rs8121007
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Frozen: The Potential and Pitfalls of Ground-Penetrating Radar for Archaeology in the Alaskan Arctic

Abstract: Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) offers many advantages for assessing archaeological potential in frozen and partially frozen contexts in high latitude and alpine regions. These settings pose several challenges for GPR, including extreme velocity changes at the interface of frozen and active layers, cryogenic patterns resulting in anomalies that can easily be mistaken for cultural features, and the difficulty in accessing sites and deploying equipment in remote settings. In this study we discuss some of these ch… Show more

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Cited by 18 publications
(10 citation statements)
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“…Thomas M. Urban & Brinnen Carter (e.g. Urban et al 2016. These published surveys, however, are on a much smaller scale than the Sitka EM survey.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Thomas M. Urban & Brinnen Carter (e.g. Urban et al 2016. These published surveys, however, are on a much smaller scale than the Sitka EM survey.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In recent years, geophysical methods have been gaining traction in Alaskan archaeology, yielding a range of new discoveries and insights spanning the full human history of the region Thomas M. Urban & Brinnen Carter (e.g. Urban et al 2016). These published surveys, however, are on a much smaller scale than the Sitka EM survey.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Time slices were made using the hyperbola fitting function to estimate the velocity of the electromagnetic signal in a given volume of the medium. This velocity was then used to calculate the two-way travel time to get a depth estimate (Goodman and Piro 2013; Jacob and Urban 2015; Urban et al 2016). These depth estimates generated in the software were then verified in the excavations.…”
Section: The Geophysical Survey-methodologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The topsoil, which in agriculturally used fields corresponds to the plough layer, is rich in organic material and pore space between the solid particles, comprising the soil water [30]. In media where liquid water is present, dramatic changes of the GPR velocity can occur, complicating the imaging of buried structures, as described by Urban et al [19]. The electrical properties of water change dramatically when freezing [31], resulting in frozen soil to behave very differently than soil that is not frozen.…”
Section: (D)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The relationships between snow quality, liquid water content in the snow, and GPR signal quality have been studied e.g., [14][15][16]. Crucial factors for GPR pulse propagation are velocity changes at the interfaces of frozen and wet ground layers, as well as the water content of the snow [17][18][19]. These studies have generally been conducted with single-channel GPR systems, and large-area, high-resolution, multi-channel GPR investigations for archaeological prospection purposes on snow and ice have been limited so far.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%