Fruit juice extract mediated synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles for antibacterial and photocatalytic activities

Antimicrobial Activity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Opportunistic Microorganisms: A Systematic Review

“…According to the in vitro studies analyzed in Table 1 , there are a variety of CeNP synthesis routes, with the predominant one using ammonium cerium as the precursor salt. Due to solubility, nitrate is preferable to other salts, and it also results in a homogeneous solution [ 17 ]. However, cerium chloride salt forms residual chlorine, which does not adversely affect biological systems and therefore is potentially the best precursor material for biological applications [ 15 ].…”

“…Of the 17 evaluated studies of CeNP antimicrobial activity ( Table 1 ), seven used the principle of green chemistry with extracts of plants, fruits, and fungi [ 13 , 14 , 17 , 20 – 23 ]. The green synthesis route is considered important because it is nontoxic and of low cost and decreases the use of substances that are harmful to human health and the environment [ 14 , 22 ].…”

“…The Debye-Scherrer formula uses X-ray diffraction data, specifically the width at half-maximum of the diffraction peak [ 15 , 17 ]. The size of the nanoparticle can also be gauged by a formula that uses data from the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation, which considers the specific surface area and density of the nanoparticles [ 25 ].…”

“…Agar diffusion was the most frequently used to evaluate the sensitivity of S. aureus (Gram-positive) to CeNP, being used in 10 studies involving S. aureus ( Table 2 ). The NCIM-5022 strain was tested in three studies [ 17 , 22 , 30 ] and showed little sensitivity to CeNP (diffusion halos between 0.53 and 3.33 mm). In contrast, another study [ 13 ] showed the formation of a 17 mm of halo, but information concerning the strain and nanoparticle concentration was omitted.…”

“…Natural sources of nanoparticles include soil erosion, water evaporation sprays, and plants [ 16 ]. In industry, cerium metal is present in sunscreen, solid electrolytes, solar cells, fuel cells, luminescence, photocatalysts, and sensors [ 17 ]. Synthesis methodologies attempt to obtain small, high-surface-area particles to potentiate the chemical, physical, and antimicrobial properties of the nanoparticles.…”