Fuel additives from glycerol etherification with light olefins: State of the art

Conversion of biomass platform molecules into fuel additives and liquid hydrocarbon fuels

“…On the other hand, hydrotreatment of vegetable oils produce mainly a mixture of n-alkanes mostly in the range C 15 -C 18 which are suitable as an alternative diesel fuel. Catalytic production of biodiesel [163][164][165][166][167][168][169] and hydrocarbon biofuels through cracking and hydrotreating [169][170][171][172][173] of triglycerides as well as fuel properties, advantages and drawbacks have been extensively studied and reviewed in literature and are out of the scope of this work. Therefore, in this section we will only discuss the main processes to produce fuel additives and hydrocarbon biofuels from triglyceride platform molecules, i.e.…”

Alternative fuel additives from glycerol by etherification with isobutene: Structure–performance relationships in solid catalysts

“…Fuel additives produced by these ways would reduce the transportation costs and improve the economy of the overall process. Fuel additive production from glycerol has been elaborated in several review articles [14,15,20,22,[80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88], with the driving force of benefiting from this biodiesel industry by-product in the energy field. Behr et al [20] remarked that the production of the DTBG and TTBG from biodiesel industry derived glycerol would help achieving the renewable targets of European Union.…”

“…They highlighted the potential of utilizing tertiary butyl alcohol, IB or FCC (fluidized catalytic cracking) gasoline for producing the branched oxygen containing glycerol ethers. Izquerido et al [84] discoursed some issues in glycerol etherification with IB, including the importance of reaction conditions, reaction phases, viscosity of reaction mixture, stirring rate, solvent effect and catalyst improvement such as creating strong acid centers by sulfonic acid functionalization, increasing the surface area, pore size and pore volume by acid treatment or avoiding secondary reactions by H + exchange with metal cations. Zhou et al [85] indicated the main disadvantage of biodiesel derived crude glycerol to be its impurity.…”

Rhamnolipid based glycerol-in-diesel microemulsion fuel: Formation and characterization

“…The large amount of crude glycerol may induce environmental problem, as it is difficult to be disposed of in the environment. The researches on the application and conversion of glycerol to value-added commodity chemicals, fuels and fuel additives have drawn much attention lately [1,3,4].…”