Fuel Cell Systems for Maritime: A Review of Research Development, Commercial Products, Applications, and Perspectives

Elkafas, Ahmed G.; Rivarolo, M.; Gadducci, Eleonora; Magistri, Loredana; Massardo, Aristide F.

doi:10.3390/pr11010097

Cited by 48 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Furthermore, the modular design of fuel cells allows for scalability, accommodating both compact, portable devices and large-scale power plants [12]. As such, fuel cells present a viable option for various applications, including residential, commercial, and industrial energy supply [13].…”

Section: A Problem Under Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameters Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Model Based on an Improved Walrus Optimization Algorithm

Alqahtani,

Hasanien,

Alharbi

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) play a crucial role in the advancement of clean hydrogen vehicles. Their ability to convert hydrogen into electricity makes them promising candidates to replace conventional engines. However, optimizing their performance and efficiency necessitates accurate modeling techniques capable of simulating their behavior. In this context, this paper proposes an advanced approach for precise parameter estimation in PEMFC models. Employing an Enhanced Walrus Optimization (EWO) algorithm integrated with Lévy flight exploration, the approach tackles the inherent nonlinearity of PEMFC systems. The technique aims to minimize the squared error between measured and simulated terminal voltage, thereby ensuring superior accuracy and robustness compared to established algorithms. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated through comparisons between theoretical simulations and experimental measurements. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of the EWO algorithm, consistently outperforming previously published algorithms and achieving notably lower errors. Moreover, the incorporation of Lévy flights enhances the algorithm's capabilities, leading to expedited convergence and more accurate parameter estimations. Beyond facilitating precise parameter estimation, this enhanced modeling strategy opens avenues for refining design and optimization strategies in fuel cell research and development. The major contributions of this paper include the enhancement of the WO algorithm, evaluation of theoretical model accuracy, and robustness assessment of the EWO in optimizing the PEMFC model. By furnishing accurate models validated through experimental evidence, this enhanced modeling strategy paves the way for refining design and optimization strategies in fuel cell research and development.

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Section: A Problem Under Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameters Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Model Based on an Improved Walrus Optimization Algorithm

Alqahtani,

Hasanien,

Alharbi

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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show abstract

“…They are focused towards providing fuel cell power products and technology solutions ranging from 30–200 kW power (net) in areas such as bus, rail, automotive and truck, marine and material handling systems. Their products boast notable characteristics such as exceptional fuel economy, minimal noise and vibration, a compact form factor, rapid adaptation to electrical demand fluctuations, and a modular construction [176] . Plug Power is an American company that specializes in the design, development, and manufacturing of FC systems for electric vehicles and other applications.…”

Section: Current State Of Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review on Hydrogen Based Fuel Cell Technology and Applications

Gupta,

Toksha,

Rahaman

2023

The Chemical Record

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The research in energy storage and conversion is playing a critical role in energy policy as the innovation and technological progress are essential for achieving the energy transition and climate neutrality goals. Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology is considered a strategic element in the pursuit of sustainable and clean energy solutions. This technology is increasingly gaining attention in recent years as a potential substitute to conventional non‐renewable energy sources. Fuel cell technology can be employed for domestic/commercial use along with powering the transportation sector which currently employs the use of conventional battery systems. However, these systems pose severe limitations with respect to longer charging times and limited distance range. This review article aims at providing a comprehensive methodical overview of hydrogen‐based fuel cell technology along with key concepts, present day scenarios, including overview of the market and industry trends, government policies and initiatives, along with major stakeholders involved in scaling up the technology for mass consumption. The outlook of fuel cells, including their capability to revolutionise the energy sector is discussed. The technological advancements and breakthroughs on the horizon along with the challenges and safety concerns related to the widespread acceptance of fuel cells are analysed.

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“…In the push to decarbonize the global energy infrastructure, proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have a promising role in applications requiring high gravimetric power density. , PEMFCs convert chemical energy from hydrogen gas into electrical energy, producing only minimal greenhouse gas byproducts. Unfortunately, currently available PEMFCs are plagued by low durability, low performance, and high cost, preventing widespread adoption of the technology. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology of Thin-Film Nafion on Carbon as an Analogue of Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers

Randall,

Zou,

Wang

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Species transport in thin-film Nafion heavily influences proton-exchange membrane (PEMFC) performance, particularly in low-platinum-loaded cells. Literature suggests that phase-segregated nanostructures in hydrated Nafion thin films can reduce species mobility and increase transport losses in cathode catalyst layers. However, these structures have primarily been observed at silicon−Nafion interfaces rather than at more relevant material (e.g., Pt and carbon black) interfaces. In this work, we use neutron reflectometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate carbon-supported Nafion thin films. Measurements were taken in humidified environments for Nafion thin films (≈30−80 nm) on four different carbon substrates. Results show a variety of interfacial morphologies in carbon-supported Nafion. Differences in carbon samples' roughness, surface chemistry, and hydrophilicity suggest that thin-film Nafion phase segregation is impacted by multiple substrate characteristics. For instance, hydrophilic substrates with smooth surfaces correlate with a high likelihood of lamellar phase segregation parallel to the substrate. When present, the lamellar structures are less pronounced than those observed at silicon oxide interfaces. Local oscillations in water volume fraction for the lamellae were less severe, and the lamellae were thinner and were not observed when the water was removed, all in contrast to Nafion−silicon interfaces. For hydrophobic and rough samples, phase segregation was more isotropic rather than lamellar. Results suggest that Nafion in PEMFC catalyst layers is less influenced by the interface compared with thin films on silicon. Despite this, our results demonstrate that neutron reflectometry measurements of silicon−Nafion interfaces are valuable for PEMFC performance predictions, as water uptake in the majority Nafion layers (i.e., the uniformly hydrated region beyond the lamellar region) trends similarly with thickness, regardless of support material.

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Fuel Cell Systems for Maritime: A Review of Research Development, Commercial Products, Applications, and Perspectives

Cited by 48 publications

References 126 publications

Parameters Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Model Based on an Improved Walrus Optimization Algorithm

Parameters Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Model Based on an Improved Walrus Optimization Algorithm

A Critical Review on Hydrogen Based Fuel Cell Technology and Applications

Morphology of Thin-Film Nafion on Carbon as an Analogue of Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers

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