Fullerene Black Modified Screen Printed Electrodes for the Quantification of Acetaminophen and Guanine

Abstract

Fullerene Black (FB) and Extracted Fullerene Black (EFB) were used in modified screen‐printed electrodes producing electrochemical transducers (FB‐SPEs and EFB‐SPEs). A complete electrochemical study was performed and the best results are obtained working with FB‐SPEs, especially in terms of: 1. improved electron‐transfer kinetic mechanisms and 2. sensitivity and selectivity toward Acetaminophen (Ac) and Guanine (G). These latter represent two important electro‐active targets to quantify in medicine field application, because: Ac is a preferred alternative (as analgesic‐antipyretic agent) to aspirin, particularly for patients who cannot tolerate aspirin; the oxidation signal of G is useful for the fabrication of emerging analytical tools, such as DNA chipsand user‐friendly diagnostic devices. Ac and G are quantify by using FB‐SPEs electrochemical devices, with an extended linearity (1–300 μM for Ac; 0.1–300 μM for G), an excellent sensitivity (2.82 μA μM−1 cm−2 in the case of Ac; and 0.183 μA μM−1 cm−2 in the case of G), a low detection limit (0.01 μM for Ac; 0.005 μM for G), a very good reproducibility (both: intra‐; inter‐electrodes reproducibility RSD % ranging from 0.3–0.5 for Ac; and 0.50–0.85 for G) and a very fast response time (6 s for Ac; 5 s in the case of G). In addition, high selectivity is obtained at FB‐SPEs, meaning that the FB‐SPEs electrochemical transducers are suitable to simultaneously quantify Ac and G in real samples, having several different (highly concentrated) interference.

Chemically modified carbon-based electrodes for the determination of paracetamol in drugs and biological samples

“…This family is composed essentially of Gr, CNTs, CQDs and fullerene. Table 2 [ [17] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] ] summarizes types of electrodes, modifiers, analytical figures of merits, and the advantages/disadvantages of each modifier used for PCT determination.…”

“…Valentini et al. [ 45 ] used fullerene black for the modification of SPCEs to determine PCT and guanine in urine and pharmaceutical formulations samples. The fullerene black was obtained under the form of carbon soot by arcing graphite in a helium atmosphere, and then coated on the surface of SPCE through drop-casting.…”

Carbonaceous Nanomaterials Employed in the Development of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Screen-Printing Technique—A Review

“…The electric arch method is considered the most efficient in producing large amounts of fullerene. Some interesting research studies have shown that black fullerene has a good electrochemical activity for acetaminophen and guanine [16,144]. In a recent work, a sensitive SPCE electrochemical sensor based on palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) decorated fullerene (C60) for dopamine was reported [145].…”

Carbon Nanostructure-based Sensors: A Brief Review on Recent Advances

“…According to the authors, the designed biosensor has great potential to detect ATP at ultralow levels (detection limit of 3.30 fM). Recent works have shown the design of sensors for L-histidine [32], prostate antigen [151], proteins [152,153], biomarkers [154,155], and several others biomolecules [156][157][158][159].…”