Fully automated deep learning approach to dental development assessment in panoramic radiographs

Abstract

Background Dental development assessment is an important factor in dental age estimation and dental maturity evaluation. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the performance of an automated dental development staging system based on Demirjian’s method using deep learning. Methods The study included 5133 anonymous panoramic radiographs obtained from the Department of Pediatric Dentistry database at Seoul National University Dental Hospital between 2020 and 2021. The proposed methodology involves a three-step procedure for dental staging: detection, segmentation, and classification. The panoramic data were randomly divided into training and validating sets (8:2), and YOLOv5, U-Net, and EfficientNet were trained and employed for each stage. The models’ performance, along with the Grad-CAM analysis of EfficientNet, was evaluated. Results The mean average precision (mAP) was 0.995 for detection, and the segmentation achieved an accuracy of 0.978. The classification performance showed F1 scores of 69.23, 80.67, 84.97, and 90.81 for the Incisor, Canine, Premolar, and Molar models, respectively. In the Grad-CAM analysis, the classification model focused on the apical portion of the developing tooth, a crucial feature for staging according to Demirjian’s method. Conclusions These results indicate that the proposed deep learning approach for automated dental staging can serve as a supportive tool for dentists, facilitating rapid and objective dental age estimation and dental maturity evaluation.