Fumigation trials on the application of ethyl formate to wheat, split faba beans and sorghum in small metal bins

Ren, Yonglin; Mahon, Daphne

doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2005.04.002

Cited by 49 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…These are typical results, and the loss of fumigant from the gas phase followed the expected pattern with an initial rapid sorption giving way to a long-term trend about 10 h after dosing. This result is consistent with previous trials of ethyl formate on wheat, barley, oats, and peas (Desmarchelier et al 1998, Ren et al 2003, Ren and Mahon 2006.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…After one day, residues were above those in the untreated control sample, but below the level of 1 mg/kg which is the current Australian maximum residue level (MRL) for ethyl formate in dried fruit. These results are consistent with previous commercial-scale trials with ethyl formate on wheat, barley, oats, and peas (Desmarchelier et al 1998, Ren et al 2003, Ren and Mahon 2006.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…One such compound is ethyl formate (EF) which has a long history as a fumigant for stored products and for dried fruit in particular (Cotton and Roark 1928, Roark and Cotton 1929, Simmons and Fisher 1945, Vincent and Lindgren 1972, Banks and Hilton 1996. For the past few years, ethyl formate has been re-evaluated as an alternative fumigant for grain stored in unsealed farm bins (Annis 2002, Ren et al 2003, Ren and Mahon 2006. It is currently registered as a fumigant for dried fruit in Australia and has a history of being a safe food additive.…”

Section: Abstract Ethyl Formate Apple Eucalyptus Weevil Fumigatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethyl Formate: A Potential Disinfestation Treatment for Eucalyptus Weevil (Gonipterus platensis) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Apples

et al. 2015

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Export of Pink Lady apples from Australia has been significantly affected by infestations of adult eucalyptus weevils (Gonipterus platensis Marelli). These weevils cling tenaciously to the pedicel of apple fruit when selecting overwintering sites. As a result, apples infested with live G. platensis adults lead to rejection for export. Since the Montreal Protocol restricted use of methyl bromide as postharvest treatment, it was necessary to consider alternative safer fumigants for disinfestation of eucalyptus weevil. Laboratory experiments were conducted using concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, and 80 mg/liter of ethyl formate. Complete control (100% mortality) was achieved at 25-30 mg/liter of ethyl formate at 22-24 C for 24-h exposure without apples. However, with 90-95% of the volume full of apples, complete control was achieved at 40 mg/liter of ethyl formate at 22-24 C for 24-h exposure. No phytotoxicity was observed and after one day aeration, residue of ethyl formate declined to natural levels (0.05-0.2 mg/kg). Five ethyl formate field trials were conducted in cool storages (capacity from 250-900 tons) and 100% kill of eucalyptus weevils were achieved at 50-55 mg/liter at 7-10 C for 24 h. Ethyl formate has great potential for preshipment treatment of apples. Its use is considerably cheaper and safer than already existing fumigants like methyl bromide and phosphine.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Abstract Ethyl Formate Apple Eucalyptus Weevil Fumigatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethyl Formate: A Potential Disinfestation Treatment for Eucalyptus Weevil (Gonipterus platensis) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Apples

et al. 2015

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“…This is in agreement with Ren et al 24,25,27 and Ren and Mahon 22 , where fumigation at higher doses of COS, CS 2 and EF had no effect on the germination of wheat and barley.…”

Section: Effect Of Fumigants On Barley Germination Without Gibberellinsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of Carbonyl Sulphide (COS), Ethyl Formate (EF) and Carbon Disulphide (CS2) on the Malting Quality of Barley and the Flavour Profile of Beer

Ren

Demarchelier

Healy

2011

Journal of the Institute of Brewing

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New fumigants are needed to control grain insects because methyl bromide is being phased out as an ozone-depleting substance under the Montreal Protocol and because resistance to phosphine is increasing. Alternative fumigants also provide one strategy to manage resistance. To assess the effect of candidate fumigants on barley quality, malting and brewing trials were conducted with malting barley (Schooner), 9.4% moisture content, fumigated with carbonyl sulphide (COS), ethyl formate (EF) and carbon disulphide (CS 2 ) at concentrations of 20, 90 and 36 mg/L respectively for 7 days at 20°C in riveted steel silos containing 33 t of barley. The appropriate industry body, the Malting and Brewing Industry Barley Technical Committee (MBIBTC) set the quality parameters to be evaluated and allocated work to the appropriate quality laboratories. Germination of fumigated barley was not affected by the fumigants. Residues of COS, EF and CS 2 in outloading barley samples were 0.085 ± 0.0052, 0.4 ± 0.1 and 2.22 ± 0.07 mg/kg respectively, which were below the experimental permits of maximum residue levels (MRL). Residues of COS, EF and CS 2 in malt, wort and beer were indistinguishable from those in unfumigated (or non-fumigated) barley. Ethyl formate and CS 2 affected wort in increasing the apparent attenuation limit (AAL) and CS 2 affected barley colour. Sulphur volatiles in the trial beer made from EF and CS 2 (unlike COS) fumigated barley decreased significantly. Beer from COS, EF and CS 2 fumigated barley had a somewhat higher 24-hour chill haze level (0.62-0.84) than beer from the untreated barley (0.53). The total alcohols and isoamyl acetate increased in beer made from EF fumigated barley. Carbonyl sulphide, EF and CS 2 , however, had no effect on beer flavour or quality.

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“…Furthermore, it was reported that EL has similar properties to biodiesel and addition of EL to biodiesel fuels can improve the low temperature properties of biodiesel (Demirbas, 2011;Joshi et al, 2011). Another co-product EF has widely used as a fumigant for storing grain and fruit (Ren and Mahon, 2006). DEE can also be blended with diesel for better fuel property because DEE has a high cetane number (more than 125) and miscibility in diesel fuel without any solvent (Bailey et al, 1997;Miller Jothi et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent production of biodiesel and chemicals through wet in situ transesterification of microalgae

Kim

Lee

2015

Bioresource Technology

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Fumigation trials on the application of ethyl formate to wheat, split faba beans and sorghum in small metal bins

Cited by 49 publications

References 6 publications

Ethyl Formate: A Potential Disinfestation Treatment for Eucalyptus Weevil (Gonipterus platensis) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Apples

Ethyl Formate: A Potential Disinfestation Treatment for Eucalyptus Weevil (Gonipterus platensis) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Apples

Effect of Carbonyl Sulphide (COS), Ethyl Formate (EF) and Carbon Disulphide (CS2) on the Malting Quality of Barley and the Flavour Profile of Beer

Concurrent production of biodiesel and chemicals through wet in situ transesterification of microalgae

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