Function Analysis of P450 and GST Genes to Imidacloprid in Aphis craccivora (Koch)

Abstract

Aphis craccivora (Koch) is an economically important pest that affects legumes in worldwide. Chemical control is still the primary efficient method for A. craccivora management. However, the mechanism underlying insecticide resistance in A. craccivora has not been elucidated. A previous study observed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) significantly synergized imidacloprid in A. craccivora field populations, indicating that cytochrome P450 (P450) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes may play pivotal roles in imidacloprid resistance. In this study, 38 P450 genes and 10 GST genes were identified in A. craccivora through transcriptomic analysis. The expression levels of these P450 and GST genes were measured in susceptible (SUS) strains of A. craccivora under imidacloprid treatment with LC15, LC50, and LC85 doses. The expression levels of CYP18A1, CYP6CY21, CYP6DA1, CYP6DA2, CYP4CJ1, CYP4CJ2, and CYP380C6 were up-regulated in the three treatments. Most of these genes belong to CYP3 and CYP4 Clans. In addition, the expression levels of all P450 and GST genes in A. craccivora were also measured in the Juye (JY) and Linqing (LQ) field populations. The expression levels of CYP6DA2, CYP4CJ1, and CYP380C6 were up-regulated in the SUS strain after imidacloprid treatment at three doses, and these genes were overexpressed in the JY population. Furthermore, the sensitivity of A. craccivora to imidacloprid was significantly increased after knockdown of CYP380C6 and CYP6DA2 through RNA interference. These results may help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying of imidacloprid resistance in A. craccivora.

Role of Insect Gut Microbiota in Pesticide Degradation: A Review

“…Detoxification enzymes occur naturally in various biological processes, functioning on the target sites to neutralize various toxins prevalent in the insect body ( Lin et al, 2015 ; Bhandari et al, 2021 ; Siddiqui et al, 2022 ). According to some previous studies, the biochemical characterization of insect resistance to pesticides is connected to pesticide sensitivity at the target site and pesticide detoxification by metabolic enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome P450) ( Wu et al, 2014 ; Ismail, 2020 ; Yang et al, 2021 ; Siddiqui et al, 2022 ). These enzymes are crucial in detoxifying xenobiotics ( Hu et al, 2014 ), where their hosts can utilize these enzymes as biological indicators during pesticide detoxification ( Khan et al, 2021 )—for instance, Zhang et al (2016) reported that detoxification enzymes (cytochrome P450 genes) were detected during detoxification of fipronil in the red imported fire ants ( Solenopsis invicta Buren), where up to 36.4-fold rise in resistance was recorded following exposure of the ants to fipronil.…”

Contribution of insect gut microbiota and their associated enzymes in insect physiology and biodegradation of pesticides

“…In the insect body system, various potential natural enzymes are linked with different biological processes and play a vital role in toxic detoxifying substances in target sites ( Lin et al, 2015 ; Naik et al, 2018 ; Bhandari et al, 2021 ). Based on some previous reports, it is found that resistance or tolerance of pesticides is interlinked with these biochemical processes which are held in the insect body and sensitivity of pesticides which are further degraded by metabolic enzymes such as hydrolase, esterase, laccase, acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, glutathione S-transferase, cytochrome P450 and many more ( Ismail, 2020 ; Clark et al, 2021 ; Yang Y. -X. et al, 2021 ; Ahmad et al, 2022b ; Siddiqui et al, 2022 ).…”

Evaluation of Insecticidal Effects of Plants Essential Oils Extracted from Basil, Black Seeds and Lavender against Sitophilus oryzae

“…In recent years, there are a variety of detoxification enzymes encoded in insect genomes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome oxidase P450 (CYP), and carboxylesterase (CarE, also known as CCE/EST/CES) [ 33 , 34 ] that have potential activities in xenobiotic compounds detoxification. Furthermore, transcriptional regulation of gene expression of GST, CarE, and AchE enzymes in insects after insecticide application has been utilized for understanding the insect response and insecticidal mechanism to various xenobiotic compounds stresses [ 35 , 36 ]. However, molecular mechanisms remain unclear for the insecticidal activities of the essential oils from Ocimum basilicum , Nigella sativa, and Lavandula angustifolia medicinal plants against the stored product insect pest Sitophilus oryzae (L.).…”