Function and misfunction of the two promoters of the Drosophila Antennapedia gene.

Jørgensen, Erik M.; Garber, Richard L.

doi:10.1101/gad.1.6.544

Cited by 71 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…These mutant phenotypes are due to inappropriate expression of Antp in the eye-antennal disc (Frischer et al 1986;Jorgensen and Garber 1987;Schneuwly et al 1987). Since our results indicate that mutations in both Antp and D-Glut4EF are present in these two previously characterized dominant Antp mutants ½In(3R)Antp B and In(3R)Antp R , we wondered if D-Glut4EF might be genetically modifying the phenotypes associated with misexpression of Antp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Glucose Transporter (GLUT4) Enhancer Factor Is Required for Normal Wing Positioning in Drosophila

Yazdani

Huang

Terman³

2008

Genetics

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Many of the transcription factors and target genes that pattern the developing adult remain unknown. In the present study, we find that an ortholog of the poorly understood transcription factor, glucose transporter (GLUT4) enhancer factor (Glut4EF, GEF) ½also known as the Huntington's disease gene regulatory region-binding protein (HDBP) 1, plays a critical role in specifying normal wing positioning in adult Drosophila. Glut4EF proteins are zinc-finger transcription factors named for their ability to regulate expression of GLUT4 but nothing is known of Glut4EF's in vivo physiological functions. Here, we identify a family of Glut4EF proteins that are well conserved from Drosophila to humans and find that mutations in Drosophila Glut4EF underlie the wing-positioning defects seen in stretch mutants. In addition, our results indicate that previously uncharacterized mutations in Glut4EF are present in at least 11 publicly available fly lines and on the widely used TM3 balancer chromosome. These results indicate that previous observations utilizing these common stocks may be complicated by the presence of Glut4EF mutations. For example, our results indicate that Glut4EF mutations are also present on the same chromosome as two gain-of-function mutations of the homeobox transcription factor Antennapedia (Antp) and underlie defects previously attributed to Antp. In fact, our results support a role for Glut4EF in the modulation of morphogenetic processes mediated by Antp, further highlighting the importance of Glut4EF transcription factors in patterning and morphogenesis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Glucose Transporter (GLUT4) Enhancer Factor Is Required for Normal Wing Positioning in Drosophila

Yazdani

Huang

Terman³

2008

Genetics

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“…Surprisingly, no discernible defect was seen in adults with targeted FSH-L expression, suggesting that FSH-L and FSH-S act differently. Antenna-to-leg transformations can be induced by ectopic expression of the HOX gene Antennapedia (Antp) in antennal discs (33,57). To determine whether extra legs induced by FSH-S might be related to ectopic Antp expression, we stained eye-antennal discs from third instar larvae with an anti-ANTP antibody.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Double-Bromodomain Protein, FSH-S, Activates the Homeotic Gene Ultrabithorax through a Critical Promoter-Proximal Region

Chang

King

Lin

et al. 2007

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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More than a dozen trithorax group (trxG) proteins are involved in activation of Drosophila HOX genes. How they act coordinately to integrate signals from distantly located enhancers is not fully understood. The female sterile (1) homeotic (fs(1)h) gene is one of the trxG genes that is most critical for Ultrabithorax (Ubx) activation. We show that one of the two double-bromodomain proteins encoded by fs(1)h acts as an essential factor in the Ubx proximal promoter. First, overexpression of the small isoform FSH-S, but not the larger one, can induce ectopic expression of HOX genes and cause body malformation. Second, FSH-S can stimulate Ubx promoter in cultured cells through a critical proximal region in a bromodomain-dependent manner. Third, purified FSH-S can bind specifically to a motif within this region that was previously known as the ZESTE site. The physiological relevance of FSH-S is ascertained using transgenic embryos containing a modified Ubx proximal promoter and chromatin immunoprecipitation. In addition, we show that FSH-S is involved in phosphorylation of itself and other regulatory factors. We suggest that FSH-S acts as a critical component of a regulatory circuitry mediating long-range effects of distant enhancers.Drosophila HOX genes control development of body segments via highly restricted expression domains (45). These domains are first established by transiently expressed segmentation genes in early embryos and then maintained in an epigenetically heritable manner by the Polycomb group (PcG) of repressors, and the trithorax group (trxG) of activators (34,53). Like mammalian promoters that are regulated by distant elements, transcriptional regulation of HOX genes also requires coordinated long-range interactions between the basal transcription machinery assembled around the initiation sites and factors recruited at distant regulatory elements (48). How the epigenetic inheritance imposed by PcG and trxG is integrated into the general framework of such long-range interactions remains unclear. Its elucidation should provide an important model for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of genes under strict developmental control (53).PcG repressors form at least two types of multimeric complexes that are targeted by sequence-specific binding proteins to a core PcG response element located ϳ25 kb upstream of the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) (20,27). These complexes may block the access of the regulatory elements (58) or modify chromatin by associated histone deacetylase and histone methyltransferase activities (7,8,13,47,64).In contrast to the highly targeted activities of PcG repressors, trxG activators appear to employ diverse mechanisms for chromatin remodeling and long-range interactions. For example, trithorax (trx) and absent, small or homeotic discs 1 (ash1) encode histone methyltransferases (2, 6, 44, 67) that are targeted to PcG response elements, promoters, and transcribed regions (9,50,51,56). In addition to these targeted activities, brahma, moira, and osa encode subunits of an ATP...

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“…The Antp Ns allele derepresses the Antp P2 promoter in the eyeantennal disc and expresses wild-type Antp transcripts from the Antp promoter (Jorgensen and Garber, 1987;Talbert and Garber, 1994).…”

Section: Tna Is a Trithorax Group Genementioning

confidence: 99%

TheDrosophilatrithorax group genetonalli(tna) interacts genetically with the Brahma remodeling complex and encodes an SP-RING finger protein

et al. 2003

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The trithorax group genes are required for positive regulation of homeotic gene function. The trithorax group gene brahma encodes a SWI2/SNF2 family ATPase that is a catalytic subunit of the Brm chromatin-remodeling complex. We identified the tonalli (tna) gene in Drosophila by genetic interactions with brahma. tna mutations suppress Polycomb phenotypes and tna is required for the proper expressions of the Antennapedia, Ultrabithorax and Sex combs reduced homeotic genes. The tna gene encodes at least two proteins, a large isoform (TnaA) and a short isoform (TnaB). The TnaA protein has an SP-RING Zn finger, conserved in proteins from organisms ranging from yeast to human and thought to be involved in the sumoylation of protein substrates. Besides the SP-RING finger, the TnaA protein also has extended homology with other eukaryotic proteins, including human proteins. We show that tna mutations also interact with mutations in additional subunits of the Brm complex, with mutations in subunits of the Mediator complex, and with mutations of the SWI2/SNF2 family ATPase gene kismet. We propose that Tna is involved in postranslational modification of transcription complexes.

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Function and misfunction of the two promoters of the Drosophila Antennapedia gene.

Cited by 71 publications

References 45 publications

The Glucose Transporter (GLUT4) Enhancer Factor Is Required for Normal Wing Positioning in Drosophila

The Glucose Transporter (GLUT4) Enhancer Factor Is Required for Normal Wing Positioning in Drosophila

A Double-Bromodomain Protein, FSH-S, Activates the Homeotic Gene Ultrabithorax through a Critical Promoter-Proximal Region

TheDrosophilatrithorax group genetonalli(tna) interacts genetically with the Brahma remodeling complex and encodes an SP-RING finger protein

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