Functional anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint: Histological characteristics of the articular surfaces and underlining tissues

Adams, Kathryn Marie; Schulz‐Kornas, Ellen; Arzi, Boaz; Failing, Klaus; Vogelsberg, Jörg; Staszyk, Carsten

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.08.003

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The perforation was located in a rostro-caudal orientation in the Arabian head and in a rostro-lateral to caudo-medial orientation in the Quarter Horse head. Both were identified in the caudomedial fibrous expansion of the disc ( 1 ). Evaluation of the flow of dye confirmed that the defect had not created a one-way valve effect ( Figure 4 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a diarthrodial joint separated by a bi-concave, fibrocartilaginous, intra-articular disc. The larger of the two joint compartments is bounded by the mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone dorsally, and the disc ventrally, forming the discotemporal joint (DTJ) ( 1 ). The smaller compartment is situated below the disc and dorsal to the condylar process of the mandible, forming the discomandibular joint (DMJ) ( 2 , 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Frequency of Communication Between the Synovial Compartments of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint: A Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Assessment

Pimentel

Carmalt

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Background: There is conflicting evidence regarding communication between the two compartments of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Understanding the inter-relationship between TMJ compartments is critical for diagnostic and clinical management purposes.Objective: To determine the frequency of communication between the discotemporal joint (DTJ) and the discomandibular joint (DMJ) of the equine TMJ in horses free of overt disease.Study Design: A randomized, blinded, controlled cadaveric study.Methods: Equine cadaver heads (n = 20), with no reported history of potential TMJ disease, were collected and stored frozen until use. Horses were randomized to the treatment group, such that Group A horses (n = 10) underwent arthrocentesis of the left DTJ and the right DMJ compartments, while Group B (n = 10) underwent arthrocentesis of the left DMJ and the right DTJ compartments of the TMJ, for a total of 40 joints. Computed tomography (CT) imaging was performed before, and after, intra-articular injection of contrast media in each head. Two observers, blinded to the treatment group, independently interpreted CT images.Results: Communication between synovial compartments occurred in the left TMJ of two horses. Arthroscopic evaluation revealed that both horses had a perforation of the intra-articular disc in the region of the caudomedial fibrous expansion. Mild anterior displacement of the abnormal disc in the joint of one horse was demonstrated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Main Limitations: Sample size, the use of owner provided animals' history, and frozen specimens.Conclusions: No physiological communication was present between the DTJ and the DMJ in the equine TMJ of the cases studied, regardless of which compartment underwent arthrocentesis. Two joints had pathological communications. These results suggest that diagnostic, and medical, treatment of intra-articular disease may be most effective when both joint compartments are injected. Furthermore, this study illustrates the value of contrast enhancement while imaging the equine TMJ.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Frequency of Communication Between the Synovial Compartments of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint: A Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Assessment

Pimentel

Carmalt

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…The larger discotemporal joint (DTJ) compartment is bounded by the articular tubercle, mandibular fossa and retroarticular process of the temporal bone dorsally and the disc ventrally. The smaller discomandibular joint (DMJ) compartment is bounded by the disc dorsally and the mandibular condyle ventrally (Adams et al., 2018). The TMJ allows for a combination of complicated sliding and rotational movement of the mandible, relative to the skull, during mastication and phonation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arthroscopic treatment of bilateral mandibular condylar cysts and associated osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joints in a horse

Carmalt

Reisbig²

2021

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary A horse was presented with a history of unpredictable behaviour under saddle to the point that the owner deemed the horse dangerous to ride. In addition, at rest the horse frequently protruded his tongue and during mastication a “clunking” sound could be heard. Radiographic examination at a previous clinic had revealed a normal left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and a radiopaque mass in the right TMJ. However, despite arthroscopic surgery of the abnormal joint, the clinical signs had not resolved. Diagnostic investigation at the referral clinic revealed that TMJ analgaesia altered both a baseline hindlimb lameness and a behavioural component to the movement of the horse. Computed tomography (CT) illustrated the presence of bone cysts within the mandibular condyles and marginal osteophytosis of the discomandibular joints consistent with osteoarthritis. Arthroscopic examination, debridement of the affected joints and post‐operative intra‐articular injection of autologous protein solution resulted in temporary resolution of both the behavioural changes and the “clunking” sound. Ultimately, the horse was euthanised for continued dangerous behaviour, which treatment had failed to resolve in the longer term. In conclusion, the presence of cysts in the mandibular condyle and osteoarthritis can be a cause of abnormal behaviour, which may render a horse dangerous to ride. The case report illustrates the complex interaction between the TMJ, behaviour and movement.

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“…The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the horse is an incongruous joint formed ventrally by the mandibular condyle and dorsally by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone ( 1 ). The joint is divided into two compartments, which are separated by the fibrocartilagenous intra-articular disc and communicate only when one or both are diseased ( 2 , 3 ). The discotemporal compartment is dorsal to the disc, and larger than the ventral discomandibular compartment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Outcome of Horses Undergoing Unilateral Mandibular Condylectomy and Meniscectomy for Temporomandibular Joint Disease

et al. 2022

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BackgroundThere are no reports describing the long-term outcome of sport horses undergoing unilateral mandibular condylectomy with meniscectomy (UMC) for treatment for severe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease (TMD). Whether horses undergoing UMC require a specialized diet, can return to riding with a bit, or return to intended function after surgery is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the long-term outcome of horses undergoing UMC for treatment of severe TMD.Study DesignA multi-institutional, retrospective study.MethodsMedical records obtained from seven equine referral hospitals of horses with severe TMD that underwent UMC were reviewed. Details regarding the presenting complaints, results of clinical examination, findings of diagnostic imaging, surgical technique, and outcome (including long-term follow-up with an owner questionnaire) were recorded.ResultsEleven horses fit the inclusion criteria. Three had severe idiopathic osteoarthritis, and eight had confirmed septic osteoarthritis of the TMJ. The most common post-operative complications were drainage and peri-incisional swelling (n = 5). One horse developed a hematoma at the surgical site because the facial artery was inadvertently transected during the approach, causing the condylectomy to be postponed. All horses were discharged alive from the hospital, and 10 returned to their previous or intended use. All had complete resolution of clinical signs of TMD. One mare was retired from athletic use due to her genetic value as a broodmare. One horse was euthanized 2 years after UMC due to progressively worsening of clinical signs of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO), which were not present before surgery. When available, owner satisfaction of the results of the procedure was excellent.Main LimitationsSample size; multiple institutions; owner bias.ConclusionsUnilateral mandibular condylectomy should not be considered a salvage procedure. Horses treated for severe TMD by UMC can return to their previous or intended level of athletic performance and do not require a specialized diet.

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Functional anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint: Histological characteristics of the articular surfaces and underlining tissues

Cited by 8 publications

References 44 publications

The Frequency of Communication Between the Synovial Compartments of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint: A Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Assessment

The Frequency of Communication Between the Synovial Compartments of the Equine Temporomandibular Joint: A Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Assessment

Arthroscopic treatment of bilateral mandibular condylar cysts and associated osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joints in a horse

Long-Term Outcome of Horses Undergoing Unilateral Mandibular Condylectomy and Meniscectomy for Temporomandibular Joint Disease

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