Functional and Aesthetic Lower Lip Reconstruction With Depressor Anguli Oris Muscle Flap and Reverse Superior Labial Artery Flap

Abstract

Background The lower lip is an important anatomical structure involved in daily activities such as eating, drinking, and speaking, as well as in facial expressions. Lower lip defects should be repaired to preserve lip function without disrupting the aesthetic harmony of the lips within the face. This goal is difficult for plastic surgeons because, for functional and aesthetic repair, it is necessary to replace the mucosa, muscle (especially contractile), and skin tissues present in the lip. Methods Subtotal lower lip repair was performed using an innervated depressor anguli oris muscle flap and a desepithelialized reverse superior labial artery flap in seven male patients with a mean age of 63 years. A depressor anguli oris muscle flap was used to repair the orbicularis oris muscle defect. The desepithelialized part of the reverse superior labial artery flap was used for mucosal defect repair, whereas the remaining part was used for skin defect repair. Patients were followed up for an average of 15 months. Patient lips, epithelialization, sensation, and sphincter function were clinically evaluated. Electromyography (EMG) was performed at 6 and 12 months to evaluate the function of the depressor anguli oris muscle flap. Results All the reverse superior labial artery flaps survived without any loss. Trapdoor deformity developed in the flaps of two patients. The desepithelialized parts of the flaps were completely epithelialized (covered with mucosa) by approximately 6th week. In the EMG controls of the patients at 6 months, the depressor anguli oris muscle was contractible. Sensation regained in the operated lip during the follow-up period. Conclusions The combination of an innervated depressor anguli oris muscle flap and a desepithelialized reverse superior labial artery flap is an important surgical option for the functional and aesthetic repair of subtotal lower lip defects.