Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: case presentations and overview of literature

Nader, Shahla

doi:10.1007/s42000-018-0025-5

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The first step should always be to consult an endocrine gynecologist and obtain a thorough diagnosis to exclude other diseases and control the current state of the body [ 1 , 2 , 69 ].…”

Section: Actionable Steps For Restoring Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Has Menstruation Disappeared? Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea—What Is This Story about?

2021

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Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a very common condition affecting women of procreative age. There are many reasons for this disorder, including a low availability of energy in the diet, low micro- and macronutrient intake, overly intensive physical activity, disturbed regeneration processes, sleep disorders, stress, and psychological disorders. The main determinant is long-term stress and an inability to handle the effects of that stress. FHA is a very complex disorder and often goes undiagnosed. Moreover, therapeutic interventions do not address all the causes of the disorder, which could have implications for women’s health. As shown by scientific reports, this condition can be reversed by modifying its causes. This review of the literature aims to update the current knowledge of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and underscores the complexity of the disorder, with particular emphasis on the nutritional aspects and potential interventions for restoring balance.

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“…The first step should always be to consult an endocrine gynecologist and obtain a thorough diagnosis to exclude other diseases and control the current state of the body [ 1 , 2 , 69 ].…”

Section: Actionable Steps For Restoring Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Has Menstruation Disappeared? Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea—What Is This Story about?

2021

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“…GnRH is of cardinal significance for reproductive functions [11] and it determines the proper pulsatile release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion as well as the normal ovarian function. FHA characterized due to abnormal GnRH secretion and related to functional impairments [12] has always to do with three types of stressors: weight loss, psychological stress and exaggerated training/sport [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kisspeptin and LH pulsatility in patients with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea

et al. 2020

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Purpose Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) occurs in response to exaggerated stressors with or without body weight loss. Various hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulators are involved in the control of GnRH and kisspeptin is one of them. Our study aimed to evaluate the putative temporal coupling between kisspeptin and GnRH-induced LH pulsatile secretion. Methods In total, 71 patients with FHA were selected for this study. All patients undergo to a pulsatility study for LH and kisspeptin evaluation (120 min, sampling every 10 min), and to an endocrine evaluation for prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2), androstenedione (A), 17-hydroxy-progesterone (17OHP), TSH, fT3, fT4, insulin, cortisol and testosterone (T), glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides. Results Our data demonstrated kisspeptin and LH pulsatile secretions and that both hormones are co-secreted and temporally coupled at time 0 (p < 0.05). When patients were subdivided in hypo-LH (≤3 mIU/ml, n = 58) and normo-LH (>3 mIU/ml, n = 13), more insights were observed on the specific correlations of metabolic and hormone profiles with pulsatility indexes of LH and kisspeptin. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the presence of a distinct kisspeptin episodic secretion in patients with FHA, and showed the temporally coupling of kisspeptin with LH secretory episodes thus supporting that though in amenorrhea, the reproductive axis is still relying on kisspeptin to drive GnRH discharge. In addition, correlations among hormonal data sustain the hypothesis that stress-induced compensatory events are the main direct and indirect promoters of the reproductive blockade in patients affected by FHA.

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Risk Factors for Developing Stress Fractures

Kasitinon

Argo

2020

Stress Fractures in Athletes

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Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: case presentations and overview of literature

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Has Menstruation Disappeared? Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea—What Is This Story about?

Has Menstruation Disappeared? Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea—What Is This Story about?

Kisspeptin and LH pulsatility in patients with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea

Risk Factors for Developing Stress Fractures

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