Functional Identification of Two Types of Carotene Hydroxylases from the Green Alga <i>Dunaliella bardawil</i> Rich in Lutein

Liang, Ming-Hua; Xie, Hong; Chen, Hao‐Hong; Liang, Zhi-Cong; Jiang, Jianguo

doi:10.1021/acssynbio.0c00070

Cited by 40 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Some protists have plastids acquired by tertiary symbiosis of green algae (Keeling, 2010), and they may have obtained CYP97 genes by such symbiosis. Plant CYP97s catalyze ring hydroxylation of a-and b-carotenes and their monohydroxylated derivatives, a function that is conserved from green algae and through land plants (Kim et al, 2009;Liang et al, 2020). Neofunctionalization of a CYP97 for production of the acyclic diterpene plaunotol, known for its anti-gastric-ulcer properties, has been reported for Croton stellatopilosus.…”

Section: Functionalities Of Conserved Cyp Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution

et al. 2021

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The superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes plays key roles in plant evolution and metabolic diversification. This review provides a status on the CYP landscape within green algae and land plants. The 11 conserved CYP clans known from vascular plants are all present in green algae and several green algaespecific clans are recognized. Clan 71, 72, and 85 remain the largest CYP clans and include many taxaspecific CYP (sub)families reflecting emergence of linage-specific pathways. Molecular features and dynamics of CYP plasticity and evolution are discussed and exemplified by selected biosynthetic pathways. High substrate promiscuity is commonly observed for CYPs from large families, favoring retention of gene duplicates and neofunctionalization, thus seeding acquisition of new functions. Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways producing metabolites with sporadic distribution across plant phylogeny reveals multiple examples of convergent evolution where CYPs have been independently recruited from the same or different CYP families, to adapt to similar environmental challenges or ecological niches. Sometimes only a single or a few mutations are required for functional interconversion. A compilation of functionally characterized plant CYPs is provided online through the Plant P450 Database (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/).

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Section: Functionalities Of Conserved Cyp Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution

et al. 2021

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“…The peak of zeaxanthin (426, 452, 478 nm) appeared at 10.62 min by HPLC, and the peak area of β-carotene was very low, which indicated that D. salina β-carotene hydroxylase (DsBCH) had high catalytic activity and could fully convert intracellular β-carotene into zeaxanthin (Figure 3c). Our previous study also found that BCH from Dunaliella bardawil could synthesize zeaxanthin from β-carotene via β-cryptoxanthin, and the products of the lycopene-producing E. coli carrying DbLcyB and DbBCH contained more intermediate β-cryptoxanthin with a large amount of β-carotene which had not been completely transformed into β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin (Liang et al, 2020). DsBKT, like other ketoalkylases, also has the ability to keto β-carotene, and its ketoalkylation ability is very strong.…”

Section: Efficient Ketolase Activity Toward Zeaxanthin Of Dsbktmentioning

confidence: 89%

The expression pattern of β‐carotene ketolase gene restricts the accumulation of astaxanthin in Dunaliella under salt stress

Chen

Liang

et al. 2021

Journal Cellular Physiology

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Dunaliella salina can accumulate a large amount of β-carotene which is generally considered to be its terminal product of carotenoid metabolism. In this study, it was proved that D. salina has the ketolase (DsBKT) of catalyzing the synthesis of astaxanthin, the downstream products of β-carotene. Therefore, the reason why D. salina does not synthesize astaxanthin is the purpose of this study. The enzymatic activity of DsBKT was detected by functional complementation assays in Escherichia coli, results showed that DsBKT had efficient ketolase activity toward β-carotene and zeaxanthin to produce astaxanthin, indicating that there were complete astaxanthin-producing genes in Dunaliella. Unlike the induced expression of Lycopene cyclase (catalyzing β-carotene synthesis) under salt stress, the expression of DsBKT was very low under both normal and stress conditions, which may be the main reason why D. salina cannot accumulate astaxanthin. On the contrary, with the astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis as a control, its BKT gene was significantly upregulated under salt stress. Further study showed that DsBKT promoter had strong promoter ability and could stably drive the expression of ble-egfp in D. salina.Obviously, DsBKT promoter is not the reason of DsBKT not being expressed which may be caused by Noncoding RNA.

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“…α-Carotene is then hydroxylated to lutein by nonheme/di-iron carotene hydroxylase (BCH) and heme-containing cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylase (CYP97). BCH and CYP97A have hydroxylation activity towards the β-ring of α-carotene, and CYP97C have a hydroxylation activity towards the ε-ring of α-carotene [30,31]. The LCYb and CYP97 family enzymes are widely distributed in microalgae, whereas LCYe and CYP97C are involved in ε-ring formation and hydroxylation in Chlorophyta [32].…”

Section: α-Carotene and Derivatives Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This step is highly diversified in carotenoid biosynthesis. Chlorophyta species have two types of β-carotene hydroxylases, BCH and CYP97A [31,34]. The microphytic red alga C. merolae possesses the crtR gene and lacks the BCH and CYP97 genes [15].…”

Section: β-Carotene and Derivatives Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse Biosynthetic Pathways and Protective Functions against Environmental Stress of Antioxidants in Microalgae

Tamaki¹,

Mochida

Suzuki³

2021

Plants

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Eukaryotic microalgae have been classified into several biological divisions and have evolutionarily acquired diverse morphologies, metabolisms, and life cycles. They are naturally exposed to environmental stresses that cause oxidative damage due to reactive oxygen species accumulation. To cope with environmental stresses, microalgae contain various antioxidants, including carotenoids, ascorbate (AsA), and glutathione (GSH). Carotenoids are hydrophobic pigments required for light harvesting, photoprotection, and phototaxis. AsA constitutes the AsA-GSH cycle together with GSH and is responsible for photooxidative stress defense. GSH contributes not only to ROS scavenging, but also to heavy metal detoxification and thiol-based redox regulation. The evolutionary diversity of microalgae influences the composition and biosynthetic pathways of these antioxidants. For example, α-carotene and its derivatives are specific to Chlorophyta, whereas diadinoxanthin and fucoxanthin are found in Heterokontophyta, Haptophyta, and Dinophyta. It has been suggested that AsA is biosynthesized via the plant pathway in Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta and via the Euglena pathway in Euglenophyta, Heterokontophyta, and Haptophyta. The GSH biosynthetic pathway is conserved in all biological kingdoms; however, Euglenophyta are able to synthesize an additional thiol antioxidant, trypanothione, using GSH as the substrate. In the present study, we reviewed and discussed the diversity of microalgal antioxidants, including recent findings.

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Functional Identification of Two Types of Carotene Hydroxylases from the Green Alga Dunaliella bardawil Rich in Lutein

Cited by 40 publications

References 38 publications

Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution

Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution

The expression pattern of β‐carotene ketolase gene restricts the accumulation of astaxanthin in Dunaliella under salt stress

Diverse Biosynthetic Pathways and Protective Functions against Environmental Stress of Antioxidants in Microalgae

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