Functional Supramolecular Gels Based on the Hierarchical Assembly of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines

Abstract

Supramolecular gels containing porphyrins and phthalocyanines motifs are attracting increased interests in a wide range of research areas. Based on the supramolecular gels systems, porphyrin or phthalocyanines can form assemblies with plentiful nanostructures, dynamic, and stimuli-responsive properties. And these π-conjugated molecular building blocks also afford supramolecular gels with many new features, depending on their photochemical and electrochemical characteristics. As one of the most characteristic models, the supramolecular chirality of these soft matters was investigated. Notably, the application of supramolecular gels containing porphyrins and phthalocyanines has been developed in the field of catalysis, molecular sensing, biological imaging, drug delivery and photodynamic therapy. And some photoelectric devices were also fabricated depending on the gelation of porphyrins or phthalocyanines. This paper presents an overview of the progress achieved in this issue along with some perspectives for further advances.

Algal Polysaccharides-Based Hydrogels: Extraction, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

“…As a result, they have been migrated out of hydrogel materials. However, they can be synthesized as crosslinking agents [ 194 ]. Lovell et al prepared porphyrin crosslinked hydrogels using a rapid stepwise condensation copolymerization reaction between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and porphyrin ( Table 2 ) [ 191 ].…”

Construction of Enhanced Photostability Anthraquinone-Type Nanovesicles Based on a Novel Two-Step Supramolecular Assembly Strategy and Their Application on Multiband Laser-Responsive Composites

“…43 Another case is construction of threedimensional (3D) supramolecular gels via controlling the morphology in the process of the growth of SMOD nanofibers. 46 The nanofibers can be grown by crystallization of SMODs and twisted into bundles to achieve 3D gels with excellent photostability. Additionally, SMODs can be loaded via a specific nanostructure as a loading platform such as silicon nanospheres 47,48 and polymeric nanovesicles, 49,50 and the further modification and advanced structural assembly will be realized by covalent or noncovalent interactions.…”

“…One of them is to realize two-dimensional nanomodules driven by a hydrophobic–hydrophobic interaction and π–π stacking through fabricating simple one-dimension and zero-dimension nanostructures of SMODs as framework units . Another case is construction of three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular gels via controlling the morphology in the process of the growth of SMOD nanofibers . The nanofibers can be grown by crystallization of SMODs and twisted into bundles to achieve 3D gels with excellent photostability.…”

Azides and Porphyrinoids: Synthetic Approaches and Applications. Part 2—Azides, Phthalocyanines, Subphthalocyanines and Porphyrazines

“…Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are aromatic macrocycles that exhibit particularly interesting photophysical, photochemical, semiconducting, and photoconducting properties. Such compounds find applications in different fields, mainly in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors, in electrocatalysis, as semiconducting and non-linear optical devices, as chemosensors, and as dyes in solar cells [2][3][4][5][6][7]. The other two types of heterocycles considered in this review, the subphthalocyanines and the porphyrazines, although less studied than Pcs, are also important targets in organic synthesis.…”