Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Potential Fire Retardant for Polymer Composites

Bajwa, Dilpreet S.; Rehovsky, Chad; Shojaeiarani, Jamileh; Stark, Nicole M.; Bajwa, Sreekala G.; Dietenberger, Mark A.

doi:10.3390/polym11081361

Cited by 24 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Cellulose is a natural polysaccharide and consists of repeating units of monomer glucose connected through (1,4) beta D linkages. Plant biomass is composed of cells surrounded by primary and secondary cell walls.…”

Section: Cellulose Fibre Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications

et al. 2020

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Biopolymers have been used as a replacement material for synthetic polymers in scaffold forming due to its biocompatibility and nontoxic properties. Production of scaffold for tissue repair is a major part of tissue engineering. Tissue engineering techniques for scaffold forming with cellulose-based material is at the forefront of present-day research. Micro- and nanocellulose-based materials are at the forefront of scientific development in the areas of biomedical engineering. Cellulose in scaffold forming has attracted a lot of attention because of its availability and toxicity properties. The discovery of nanocellulose has further improved the usability of cellulose as a reinforcement in biopolymers intended for scaffold fabrication. Its unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties offer some important advantages over synthetic polymer materials. This review presents a critical overview of micro- and nanoscale cellulose-based materials used for scaffold preparation. It also analyses the relationship between the method of fabrication and properties of the fabricated scaffold. The review concludes with future potential research on cellulose micro- and nano-based scaffolds. The review provides an up-to-date summary of the status and future prospective applications of micro- and nanocellulose-based scaffolds for tissue engineering.

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Section: Cellulose Fibre Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cellulose has been reported as the most abundant, naturally sourced biopolymer, with 150 billion tons produced yearly [ 1 ]. Plants mainly consist of cellulose, which provides them with their structural integrity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications

et al. 2020

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“…14,46 With recent advancements in nanotechnology, nanosized zinc oxides are among the emerging high-value inorganic products with significant features, (such as, high catalyst effect, effective antibacterial properties, high UV absorption, high thermal and physical stability, and high heat capacity) that have many applications in different industries, such as, cosmetics, plastics, sensors, and semiconductors. [47][48][49] It is common to use high concentration of inorganic mineral fillers, such as, Al(OH) 3 up to 20 wt% to modify flame retardancy of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 50 However, it is reported that the addition of only 0.635 wt% of ZnO and 9 wt% of Al(OH) 3 combination into PVC can significantly increase the LOI value of PVC nanocomposite (up to 30%).…”

Section: Zinc Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are numerous reports on improved flame retardancy performance of commercial polymers in the presence of surface-modified cellulose nanocrystals or cellulose nanoparticles hybrids with other fire retardants. 49,[79][80][81] A 10 wt% of CNCs extracted with phosphoric acid hydrolysis has proven to increase the thermal stability of polylactic acid (PLA). 82 Phosphoric acid is well-known for its fire retardancy property.…”

Section: Cellulose Nanofibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements in traditional and nanosized flame retardants for polymers—A review

Vahidi

Bajwa

Shojaeiarani

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Synthetic polymers are ubiquitous materials widely used in construction, automotive, electronics, and countless commercial products. With the growing trend of polymer applications in everyday life, upholding the rigorous fire safety regulations has become a matter of concern. In this regard, numerous studies have been conducted for improving the fire retardancy of polymers, mainly through incorporating a diverse group of fire‐retardant compounds into polymer‐based composites. This review article aims to present a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the fire‐retardant categories for polymeric materials especially emphasizing the nanosized fire retardants. Along with an attempt to focus attention on the consumption of conventional and possibly harmful fire retardants, potential eco‐friendly alternatives are represented. A detailed discussion on the flame retardation mechanisms and conventional fire characterization techniques are also discussed.

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“…In the paper published by Bajwa, D.S. et al (2019), the addition of 1 wt.% crystal nanocellulose and nano ZnO particles (CNC-ZnO) lowered the total smoke release by 9%, compared to pure HDPE [ 193 ]. Sometimes the best effect considering smoke suppression is achieved when nano FRs are used in synergism with nano smoke suppression agents, which was described in the paper published by Zhou, K. et al (2016).…”

Section: Flame Retardant Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Biodegradable Flame Retardant Nano-Biocomposites

2021

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This paper summarizes the results obtained in the course of the development of a specific group of biocomposites with high functionality of flame retardancy, which are environmentally acceptable at the same time. Conventional biocomposites have to be altered through different modifications, to be able to respond to the stringent standards and environmental requests of the circular economy. The most commonly produced types of biocomposites are those composed of a biodegradable PLA matrix and plant bast fibres. Despite of numerous positive properties of natural fibres, flammability of plant fibres is one of the most pronounced drawbacks for their wider usage in biocomposites production. Most recent novelties regarding the flame retardancy of nanocomposites are presented, with the accent on the agents of nanosize (nanofillers), which have been chosen as they have low or non-toxic environmental impact, but still offer enhanced flame retardant (FR) properties. The importance of a nanofiller’s geometry and shape (e.g., nanodispersion of nanoclay) and increase in polymer viscosity, on flame retardancy has been stressed. Although metal oxydes are considered the most commonly used nanofillers there are numerous other possibilities presented within the paper. Combinations of clay based nanofillers with other nanosized or microsized FR agents can significantly improve the thermal stability and FR properties of nanocomposite materials. Further research is still needed on optimizing the parameters of FR compounds to meet numerous requirements, from the improvement of thermal and mechanical properties to the biodegradability of the composite products. Presented research initiatives provide genuine new opportunities for manufacturers, consumers and society as a whole to create a new class of bionanocomposite materials with added benefits of environmental improvement.

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Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Potential Fire Retardant for Polymer Composites

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications

A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications

Advancements in traditional and nanosized flame retardants for polymers—A review

Progress in Biodegradable Flame Retardant Nano-Biocomposites

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