Fungal Transporters Involved in Efflux of Natural Toxic Compounds and Fungicides

Sorbo, G. Del; Schoonbeek, Henk‐jan; Waard, M.A. de

doi:10.1006/fgbi.2000.1206

Cited by 308 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Research over the last 30 years has often defined the mechanism conferring reduced sensitivity to the fungicide. Many cases of resistance have been ascribed to the activity of efflux pumps3 or to overexpression of target genes,4 but the majority are due, at least partly, to substitutions (or indels) in the amino acid sequence of the target protein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposal for a unified nomenclature for target‐site mutations associated with resistance to fungicides

Mair

Lopez‐Ruiz

Stammler³

et al. 2016

Pest Management Science

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Evolved resistance to fungicides is a major problem limiting our ability to control agricultural, medical and veterinary pathogens and is frequently associated with substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the target protein. The convention for describing amino acid substitutions is to cite the wild‐type amino acid, the codon number and the new amino acid, using the one‐letter amino acid code. It has frequently been observed that orthologous amino acid mutations have been selected in different species by fungicides from the same mode of action class, but the amino acids have different numbers. These differences in numbering arise from the different lengths of the proteins in each species. The purpose of the present paper is to propose a system for unifying the labelling of amino acids in fungicide target proteins. To do this we have produced alignments between fungicide target proteins of relevant species fitted to a well‐studied ‘archetype’ species. Orthologous amino acids in all species are then assigned numerical ‘labels’ based on the position of the amino acid in the archetype protein. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposal for a unified nomenclature for target‐site mutations associated with resistance to fungicides

Mair

Lopez‐Ruiz

Stammler³

et al. 2016

Pest Management Science

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“…The activity of multiple, broad-specificity transporters, indicates that those proteins may complement each other Del Sorbo et al 2000) -particularly when gene family members are adapted differently in divergent species, as our analysis suggests. In case of more effective fungicides, this is likely coupled to involvement of multiple transporters also in the reaction to the inevitable stress associated with cell breakdown and release of both reactive oxygen species and multiple chemicals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Multiple facets of response to fungicides – the influence of azole treatment on expression of key mycotoxin biosynthetic genes and candidate resistance factors in the control of resistant Fusarium strains

et al. 2016

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The spread of fungicide resistant and/or tolerant phytopathogenic fungi is an important factor affecting crop protection. However, the mechanisms of fungal response to fungicide application are not entirely characterised. In particular, the contribution of previously known resistance factors and the final influence of fungicide treatments on metabolism of surviving mycelia (e.g. mycotoxin increased release and biosynthesis potentially causing contamination of the crops) merit investigation, in order to improve future molecular diagnostics of fungicide resistant strains. The performed experiments have shown distinct expression changes for homologs of a known fungicide resistance factor Flr1 (yeast; DHA1 family of major facilitator superfamily transporters) after azole application in cultured fusaria. Two distantly related homologs of that gene were selected, based on the unsupervised clustering and phylogenetic analysis of transporter sequences. One of these (FGSG_02865), was found to occur across the Fusarium sambucinum complex (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis) and was upregulated starting 24 h after fungicide treatments. This delayed response may point to possible involvement of DHA1 antiporters in a generalised response to stress resulting from fungicide treatment. Additional expression profiling was conducted for the mycotoxin biosynthetic genes (trichothecene and zearalenone gene clusters) in strains of Fusarium sambucinum complex cereal pathogens. The expression changes, when subjected to treatment with the fungicides (flusilazole, carbendazim), show that even an effective treatment (in this study, the benzimidazole fungicide carbendazim) applied to the grown mycelium, can result in enhanced activation of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes in fungal cells which survive the treatment. Our results suggest that increased mycotoxin contamination can be strongly influenced not only by the amount or the type of antifungal compound, but also the timing of fungicide exposition (stage of infection).

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“…Mechanisms keeping the intracellular fungicide concentration below a critical threshold include synthesis of efflux transporters that secrete drug molecules to the extracellular space (Figs. 2b, 3), modifications of plasma membranes causing reduced fungicide permeability, or by synthesis of enzymes that degrade fungicide molecules (13,24,32). Alternatively, overexpression of the gene encoding the fungicide target or utilization of alternative metabolic pathways has been reported (28,34,45,52,57,58).…”

Section: Qualitative and Quantitative Fungicide Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…phytoalexins or phytoanticipins formed by plants as a response to pathogen attack (16,20,51). It is thus not surprising that these transporters also confer fungicide resistance (11)(12)(13). Two families of plasma membrane-localized efflux transporters are known to be involved in secretion of toxicants, i.e.…”

Section: Efflux Transporters Allow Fungi To Grow In the Presence Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms and significance of fungicide resistance

Deising¹,

Reimann²,

Pascholati³

2008

Braz. J. Microbiol.

191

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In this review article, we show that occurrence of fungicide resistance is one of the most important issues in modern agriculture. Fungicide resistance may be due to mutations of genes encoding fungicide targets (qualitative fungicide resistance) or to different mechanisms that are induced by sub-lethal fungicide stress. These mechanisms result in different and varying levels of resistance (quantitative fungicide resistance). We discuss whether or not extensive use of fungicides in agricultural environments is related to the occurrence of fungicide resistance in clinical environments. Furthermore, we provide recommendations of how development of fungicide resistant pathogen populations may be prevented or delayed.

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Fungal Transporters Involved in Efflux of Natural Toxic Compounds and Fungicides

Cited by 308 publications

References 76 publications

Proposal for a unified nomenclature for target‐site mutations associated with resistance to fungicides

Proposal for a unified nomenclature for target‐site mutations associated with resistance to fungicides

Multiple facets of response to fungicides – the influence of azole treatment on expression of key mycotoxin biosynthetic genes and candidate resistance factors in the control of resistant Fusarium strains

Mechanisms and significance of fungicide resistance

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