Fungicide Resistance Evolution and Detection in Plant Pathogens: Plasmopara viticola as a Case Study

Abstract

The use of single-site fungicides to control plant pathogens in the agroecosystem can be associated with an increased selection of resistance. The evolution of resistance represents one of the biggest challenges in disease control. In vineyards, frequent applications of fungicides are carried out every season for multiple years. The agronomic risk of developing fungicide resistance is, therefore, high. Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, is a high risk pathogen associated with the development of fungicide resistance. P. viticola has developed resistance to most of the fungicide classes used and constitutes one of the most important threats for grapevine production. The goals of this review are to describe fungicide resistance evolution in P. viticola populations and how to conduct proper monitoring activities. Different methods have been developed for phenotyping and genotyping P. viticola for fungicide resistance and the different phases of resistance evolution and life cycles of the pathogen are discussed, to provide a full monitoring toolkit to limit the spread of resistance. A detailed revision of the available tools will help in shaping and harmonizing the monitoring activities between countries and organizations.

Assessment of Commercial Fungicides against Onion (Allium cepa) Basal Rot Disease Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae and Fusarium acutatum

“…In the short run, intensive chemical treatment may lead to the appearance of fungicide resistance. Such cases become more and more widespread [14]. Indeed, Prochloraz-responsive genes facilitating DMI-resistance have already been reported in other phytopathogens (see, for example [15,16].…”

Chitosan Can Induce Rosa roxburghii Tratt. against Sphaerotheca sp. and Enhance Its Resistance, Photosynthesis, Yield, and Quality

“…of R. roxburghii [11]. Nonetheless, these chemicals easily generate resistance to pathogens, and their residuals negatively affect the environment, wildlife, and human beings [12][13][14]. Thus, it is of great significance to develop the green, efficient, safe, and economical control practice of Sphaerotheca sp.…”

Fungicide resistance management: Maximizing the effective life of plant protection products

“…Previously, testing for resistance has been a reactive step after control failure, but now more pre-emptive screening programmes are in place (Massi et al, 2021) values measured in laboratory assays were correlated with decline in control in the field, whereas all QoI-resistant isolates were highly resistant in all sensitivity assays but the severity of control loss in the field depended on the frequency of resistant isolates in the population (Blake et al, 2018).…”