Furnace-Generated Acid Aerosols: Speciation and Pulmonary Effects

Amdur, Mary O.; Chen, Lung Chi

doi:10.2307/3430541

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Acidity (24,25), transition metals (26)(27)(28), endotoxin (29), and particle size (30,31) have been associated with the inflammatory responses of airways. However, it is not clear if components and size of particles affect heart rate and blood pressure through similar mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of concentrated ambient particles on heart rate and blood pressure in pulmonary hypertensive rats.

Cheng

Hwang

Wang

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Epidemiologic studies have shown that increased concentrations of ambient particles are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (1,2). However, the mechanisms of such associations have not been clearly defined. Recent epidemiologic studies have found associations of increased air particles with increased heart rate and blood pressure and decreased heart rate variability (3-6). It has been speculated that particles cause the activation of autonomic nervous system, leading to changes in heart rates (7). To clarify the relationship of particles with mortality and morbidity, animal models have been used to investigate the effects of particles (8,9). Preliminary studies revealed increased heart rates and arrhythmia in pulmonary hypertensive rats after exposure to concentrated ambient particles (8,10,11). However, a recent study revealed a decreased heart rate when residual oil fly ash was instilled into the rats (12). To investigate further the mechanisms of particleinduced cardiotoxicity, we used heart rate and blood pressure as outcome indicators to assess their association with concentrated ambient particles in pulmonary hypertensive rats. Studies have also indicated that particles with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) exert greater adverse health effects than coarse particles (1,13). To investigate the effects of PM 2.5 on cardiovascular diseases, we used an ambient particle concentrator, which generated PM 2.5 , to test our hypothesis (14).It is a common practice to divide experimental animals into exposure and control groups to study the effects of air particles. Because of the wide variation among diseased animals, this method requires large numbers of animals to delineate the true effect of air particles (9). Furthermore, variation in circadian cycle for individual rats also makes comparisons of heart rate or blood pressure difficult. To overcome this problem, we used each animal as its own control by exposing the individual animals repeatedly to concentrated air and filtered air and successfully detected the effects of particles on heart rate and mean blood pressure in three rats. Materials and MethodsAnimals and development of pulmonary hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats 60 days old were obtained from the National Laboratory Animal Breeding and Research Center, housed in plastic cages on Aspen chip bedding, and provided with Lab Diet 5001(PMI Lab, Montville, NJ, USA) and water ad libitum except during exposure.Animals were maintained on a 12-hr light/ dark cycle at 22 ± 1°C and 55 ± 10 % relative humidity. We injected rats with monocrotaline intraperitoneally at 60 mg/kg body weight to cause them to develop pulmonary hypertension. Fourteen days after monocrotaline injection, animals were ready for experimentation (15).Experimental design. Ambient particles from the Chung-Li area, a suburb of Taipei, were concentrated through a modified ultrafine particle concentrator developed by Sioutas et al. (14). Briefly, the particle concentrator used virtual impactor technology in which 110 L...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of concentrated ambient particles on heart rate and blood pressure in pulmonary hypertensive rats.

Cheng

Hwang

Wang

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…An example of this type of study involved supplying fresh laboratory-generated coal fly ash particles to animal inhalation chambers as part of a study of the combined effects of H 2 SO 4 and coal fly ash. 25,376 Inhalation studies involving ultrafine and nanoparticle PM also require having a laboratory particle generator connected to the inhalation chamber due to the rapid transformation of the particles by coagulation. 377 Surrogate particle inhalation studies require close cooperation between the life sciences and aerosol team members as well as physical proximity of the animal care and combustion facilities.…”

Section: Controlled Exposure To Concentrated Ambient Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Lighty

Veranth

Sarofim

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

1,022

600

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from stationary combustion sources burning coal, fuel oil, biomass, and waste, and PM from internal combustion (IC) engines burning gasoline and diesel, are a significant source of primary particles smaller than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) in urban areas. Combustion-generated particles are generally smaller than geologically produced dust and have unique chemical composition and morphology. The fundamental processes affecting formation of combustion PM and the emission characteristics of important applications are reviewed. Particles containing transition metals, ultrafine particles, and soot are emphasized because these types of particles have been studied extensively, and their emissions are controlled by the fuel composition and the oxidant-temperature-mixing history from the flame to the stack. There is a need for better integration of the combustion, air pollution control, atmospheric chemistry, and inhalation health research communities. Epidemiology has demonstrated that susceptible individuals are being harmed by ambient PM. Particle surface area, number of ultrafine particles, bioavailable transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and other particle-bound organic compounds are suspected to be more important than particle mass in determining the effects of air pollution. Time-and size-resolved PM measurements are needed for testing mechanistic toxicological hypotheses, for characterizing the relationship between combustion operating conditions and transient emissions, and for source apportionment studies to develop air quality plans. Citations are provided to more specialized reviews, and the concluding comments make suggestions for further research.

show abstract

“…Short-term sulfuric acid exposures between 0.1 and 1.0 mg/m3 have produced lung clearance function and pulmonary mechanical effects in normal and asthmatic human subjects (10,11). Animal studies have also shown adverse effects from exposure to acid aerosols such as clearance abnormalities (12), airway hyperresponsiveness and secretory cell hyperplasia (13), and changes in pulmonary function (14). However, the potential for neutralization of acidic aerosols by endogenous respiratory tract ammonia plays a complex and uncertain role in the toxicity of acidic aerosols (15,16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clearance abnormalities may result from changes in viscosity in acidic mucous versus alkaline mucous (43). Changes in lung function and airway hyperresponsivity observed in guinea pigs (44,45) …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A time-series analysis of acidic particulate matter and daily mortality and morbidity in the Buffalo, New York, region.

Gwynn

Burnett

Thurston

2000

Environ Health Perspect

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A component of particulate matter (PM) air pollution that may provide one biologically plausible pathway for the observed PM air pollution-health effect associations is aerosol acidity (H+). An increasing number of observational studies have demonstrated associations between H' and increased adverse health effect in the United States and abroad. Although studies have shown significant H+ associations with increased morbidity in the United States, similar associations have yet to be shown with daily mortality. We considered a 2.5-year record of daily H+ and sulfate measurements (May 1988-October 1990 collected in the Buffalo, New York, region in a time-series analysis of respiratory, circulatory, and totl daily mortality and hospital admissions. Other copollutants considered induded particulate matter . 10 pm in aerodynamic diameter, coefficient of haze, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Various mding techniques were applied to control for confounding of efect estimates due to seaownality, weather, and day-ofweek effects. We found multiple significant pollutant-health effect associations-most strongly between SO-and respiratory hospital admissions (as indicated by its t-statistic). Additionally, H+ and SOQ42 demonstrated the most coherent associations with both respiratory hospital admissions [H+: relative risk (RR) = 1.31; 95% confidence intervl (CI), 1.14-1.51; and S042: RR = 1.18, CI, 1.09-1.28] and respiratory mortlity (H+: RR = 1.55, CI, 1.09-2.20; and SO42: RR 1.24, CI, 1.01-1.52). Thus, acidic sulfate aerosols represent a component of PM air pollution that may contribute to the previously noted adverse efcts of PM mass on human health, and the associations demonstrated in this study support the need for futher investigations into the potential health effects of acidic aerosols.

show abstract

Furnace-Generated Acid Aerosols: Speciation and Pulmonary Effects

Cited by 25 publications

References 8 publications

Effects of concentrated ambient particles on heart rate and blood pressure in pulmonary hypertensive rats.

Effects of concentrated ambient particles on heart rate and blood pressure in pulmonary hypertensive rats.

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

A time-series analysis of acidic particulate matter and daily mortality and morbidity in the Buffalo, New York, region.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About