“…Given this, shocks to professional sports clubs can affect regional growth via the inflow or outflow of extra-regional income and local multipliers of income expenditure (Preuss et al, 2010). The existence of such income and multiplier effects has been demonstrated in case study research for different teams in the leagues under analysis (see Roberts et al, 2016, for the EPL;Amador et al, 2016, for Spain's La Liga;andHamm et al, 2016, andKönecke et al, 2017, for the Bundesliga). Furthermore, Roberts et al (2016) and Amador et al (2016) highlight that the (change in the) regional stimulus of a professional football club and the inflow of extra-regional income are exceptionally large in the case of changes in top-division membership.…”