“…Manju and Lenin Fred [21] and Manju and Fred [22] proposed two‐pass algorithms to separate text and graphics from the picture and BG region, and the first pass uses an AC coefficient‐based segmentation method to classify the compound image into smooth and non‐smooth regions. The non‐smooth region is again segmented by means of K ‐means cuckoo optimisation algorithm or fuzzy c‐means based adversarial whale optimisation algorithm.…”