GACPAT HIV 1+2: A simple, inexpensive assay to screen for, and discriminate between, anti‐HIV 1 and anti‐HIV 2

Parry, John; Connell, J.; Reinbott, Paul; Mortimer, Philip P.; Garcia, Anice; Avillez, Francisca

doi:10.1002/jmv.1890450103

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…We defined high-risk types as 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68 23 . We identified HIV infection with a modified IgG antibody-capture particle-adherence test (GACPAT) 24 to detect HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies in urine; 25 we confirmed results with HIV western blot 2.2 (MP Biomedicals, UK).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal)

et al. 2013

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SummaryBackgroundPopulation-based estimates of prevalence, risk distribution, and intervention uptake inform delivery of control programmes for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We undertook the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3) after implementation of national sexual health strategies, and describe the epidemiology of four STIs in Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) and the uptake of interventions.MethodsBetween Sept 6, 2010 and Aug 31, 2012, we did a probability sample survey of 15 162 women and men aged 16–74 years in Britain. Participants were interviewed with computer-assisted face-to-face and self-completion questionnaires. Urine from a sample of participants aged 16–44 years who reported at least one sexual partner over the lifetime was tested for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis, type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and HIV antibody. We describe age-specific and sex-specific prevalences of infection and intervention uptake, in relation to demographic and behavioural factors, and explore changes since Natsal-1 (1990–91) and Natsal-2 (1999–2001).FindingsOf 8047 eligible participants invited to provide a urine sample, 4828 (60%) agreed. We excluded 278 samples, leaving 4550 (94%) participants with STI test results. Chlamydia prevalence was 1·5% (95% CI 1·1–2·0) in women and 1·1% (0·7–1·6) in men. Prevalences in individuals aged 16–24 years were 3·1% (2·2–4·3) in women and 2·3% (1·5–3·4) in men. Area-level deprivation and higher numbers of partners, especially without use of condoms, were risk factors. However, 60·4% (45·5–73·7) of chlamydia in women and 43·3% (25·9–62·5) in men was in individuals who had had one partner in the past year. Among sexually active 16–24-year-olds, 54·2% (51·4–56·9) of women and 34·6% (31·8–37·4) of men reported testing for chlamydia in the past year, with testing higher in those with more partners. High-risk HPV was detected in 15·9% (14·4–17·5) of women, similar to in Natsal-2. Coverage of HPV catch-up vaccination was 61·5% (58·2–64·7). Prevalence of HPV types 16 and 18 in women aged 18–20 years was lower in Natsal-3 than Natsal-2 (5·8% [3·9–8·6] vs 11·3% [6·8–18·2]; age-adjusted odds ratio 0·44 [0·21–0·94]). Gonorrhoea (<0·1% prevalence in women and men) and HIV (0·1% prevalence in women and 0·2% in men) were uncommon and restricted to participants with recognised high-risk factors. Since Natsal-2, substantial increases were noted in attendance at sexual health clinics (from 6·7% to 21·4% in women and from 7·7% to 19·6% in men) and HIV testing (from 8·7% to 27·6% in women and from 9·2% to 16·9% in men) in the past 5 years.InterpretationSTIs were distributed heterogeneously, requiring general and infection-specific interventions. Increases in testing and attendance at sexual health clinics, especially in people at highest risk, are encouraging. However, STIs persist both in individuals accessing and those not accessing services. Our findings provide empirical evidence to inform future sexual health inter...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal)

et al. 2013

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“…In 2005 dried blood spot specimens were tested for HIV antibodies using GACELISA, reactive specimens were confirmed using an anti-HIV GACPAT immunoassay, with confirmatory testing conducted on discordant results using the HIV Blot 2.2 Western Blot assay (AbbotMurex) [32,33]. In 2007 and 2009, venous blood was tested with commercially available kits for HIV antibodies (Abbott IMx HIV-1/HIV-2 III Plus, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanded syringe exchange programs and reduced HIV infection among new injection drug users in Tallinn, Estonia

et al. 2011

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BackgroundEstonia has experienced an HIV epidemic among intravenous drug users (IDUs) with the highest per capita HIV prevalence in Eastern Europe. We assessed the effects of expanded syringe exchange programs (SEP) in the capital city, Tallinn, which has an estimated 10,000 IDUs.MethodsSEP implementation was monitored with data from the Estonian National Institute for Health Development. Respondent driven sampling (RDS) interview surveys with HIV testing were conducted in Tallinn in 2005, 2007 and 2009 (involving 350, 350 and 327 IDUs respectively). HIV incidence among new injectors (those injecting for < = 3 years) was estimated by assuming (1) new injectors were HIV seronegative when they began injecting, and (2) HIV infection occurred at the midpoint between first injection and time of interview.ResultsSEP increased from 230,000 syringes exchanged in 2005 to 440,000 in 2007 and 770,000 in 2009. In all three surveys, IDUs were predominantly male (80%), ethnic Russians (>80%), and young adults (mean ages 24 to 27 years). The proportion of new injectors decreased significantly over the years (from 21% in 2005 to 12% in 2009, p = 0.005). HIV prevalence among all respondents stabilized at slightly over 50% (54% in 2005, 55% in 2007, 51% in 2009), and decreased among new injectors (34% in 2005, 16% in 2009, p = 0.046). Estimated HIV incidence among new injectors decreased significantly from 18/100 person-years in 2005 and 21/100 person-years in 2007 to 9/100 person-years in 2009 (p = 0.026).ConclusionsIn Estonia, a transitional country, a decrease in the HIV prevalence among new injectors and in the numbers of people initiating injection drug use coincided with implementation of large-scale SEPs. Further reductions in HIV transmission among IDUs are still required. Provision of 70 or more syringes per IDU per year may be needed before significant reductions in HIV incidence occur.

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“…A 5 mm diameter dried blood spot was punched from each Guthrie card of each sample and placed in the numbered microwell. Samples were left overnight to allow for elution of the dried blood spots and then tested by immunoglobulin G antibody capture particle adherence test (GACPAT) (Parry and Mortimer, 1989;Parry et al, 1995…”

Section: Laboratory Sample Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orofacial manifestations and seroprevalence of HIV infection in Namibian dental patients

et al. 1997

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GACPAT HIV 1+2: A simple, inexpensive assay to screen for, and discriminate between, anti‐HIV 1 and anti‐HIV 2

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal)

Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal)

Expanded syringe exchange programs and reduced HIV infection among new injection drug users in Tallinn, Estonia

Orofacial manifestations and seroprevalence of HIV infection in Namibian dental patients

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