Gain in the far vacuum ultraviolet region due to transitions in multiply charged ions

Zherikhin, Alexander N.; Koshelev, K. N.; Letokhov, V. S.

doi:10.1070/qe1976v006n01abeh010824

Cited by 70 publications

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“…Most of the proposed schemes have relied on high-power visible lasers to produce the high temperature and high density required to produce population inversion against short radiative lifetimes [1,2]. In spite of the tremendous progress in the development of X-ray lasers over the last years, only two pumping mechanisms, collisional excitation and recombination, have been used to create gain and produce laser output [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The 4d–4p transitions and soft X-ray laser wavelengths in Si-like ions

et al. 2013

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The transitions between 4p and 4d levels have been studied to examine the possibility of laser wavelength production in the soft X-ray region. The oscillator strengths of the transitions 3p4p ( 3 S, 3 P, 3 D) ¡ 3p4d ( 3 P o , 3 D o , 3 F o ) have been calculated using CIV3 code. Using calculated oscillator strengths, the excitation rate coefficients, reduced populations, and gain coefficients for Si-like Ni XV, Zn XVII, Ga XVIII, Ge XIX, and As XX at electron temperatures 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 the ionization potential have been calculated. The method by Palumbo and Elton has been used in the calculation of laser parameters. The present calculated data show promising values for the production of laser wavelengths in the soft X-ray region. The maximum values of the gain factor lie within the range ␣ ϳ 10 9 cm −1 and wavelength ≤ 469 Å. PACS Nos.: 30., 32.30.-r, 42.55.-f, 52.50.Jm.Résumé : Nous étudions les transitions entre les niveaux 4p et 4d, afin d'examiner la possibilité de produire des lasers dans la longueur d'onde des rayons X mous. Utilisant le programme CIV3, nous calculons les forces d'oscillateur des transitions 3p4p ( 3 S, 3 P, 3 D) ¡ 3p4d ( 3 P 0 , 3 D 0 , 3 F 0 ). Utilisant ces forces d'oscillateur calculées, nous évaluons les coefficients de taux d'excitation, les populations réduites et les coefficients de gain des ions de type Si suivants : Ni XV, Zn XVII, Ga XVIII, Ge XIX et As XX, aux températures égales à 1/4, 1/2 et 3/4 du potentiel d'ionisation. Nous utilisons la méthode de Palumbo et Elton pour calculer les paramètres laser. Les valeurs calculées sont prometteuses pour la production de laser X mous. Les valeurs maximales pour le facteur de gain sont autour de ␣ ϳ 10 9 cm −1 et la longueur d'onde est ≤ 469 Å. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The 4d–4p transitions and soft X-ray laser wavelengths in Si-like ions

et al. 2013

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“…[22][23][24][25][26][27] Several compact, high gain, laser-pumped [75][76][77][78][79] and dischargepumped [81][82][83]124 soft x-ray amplifiers have been successfully developed based on this scheme. This x-ray laser excitation mechanism resembles that of some of the most widely utilized visible and ultraviolet ion lasers, the cw argon ion and krypton ion lasers, 28,29 in which the laser upper levels are predominantly excited by direct electron impact collision from the ground state of the ion stage of interest.…”

Section: A Collisional Electron Excitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20 This was followed by proposals of photoionization pumping of x-ray lasers in 1967 21 and of electron impact excitation schemes. [22][23][24][25][26][27] The latter were inspired in part by the earlier success in the development of visible and ultraviolet ion lasers excited by electron collisions. 28,29 However, the dramatic scaling of the pump power requirements with decreasing wavelength and the low normal incidence reflectivity of bulk materials at soft x-ray wavelengths, combined with the short lifetime of the excited levels involved in the lasing process, made the realization of soft x-ray lasers a very challenging task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Table-top Soft X-Ray Lasers

Rocca

2016

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

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This article reviews the progress in the development of practical table-top sources of soft x-ray laser radiation. The field is rapidly approaching the stage at which soft x-ray lasers sufficiently compact to fit onto a normal optical table will be routinely utilized in science and technology. This is the result of recent advances in the amplification of soft x-ray radiation in both compact laser-pumped and discharge-pumped devices. The use of excitation mechanisms that take full advantage of new ultrafast high power optical laser drivers and multiple pulse excitation schemes has resulted in the demonstration of saturated soft x-ray amplification at wavelengths as short as 14 nm using several Joule of laser-pump energy. Moreover, several schemes have demonstrated significant gain with only a fraction of a Joule of laser-pump energy. In addition, the demonstration of saturated table-top soft x-ray lasers pumped by very compact capillary discharges has shattered the notion that discharge-created plasmas are insufficiently uniform to allow for soft x-ray amplification, opening a route for the development of efficient, high average power soft x-ray lasers. Recently, a table-top capillary discharge laser operating at 46.9 nm has produced millijoule-level laser pulses at a repetition rate of several Hz, with a corresponding spatially coherent average power per unit bandwidth comparable to that of a beam line at a third generation synchrotron facility. This review summarizes fundamental and technical aspects of table-top soft x-ray lasers based on the generation of population inversions in plasmas, and discusses the present status of development of specific laser systems.

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“…produce population inversion based upon collisional recombination [2], photoionization [3], and electron impact excitation [4][5][6]. Since then, soft X-ray lasing has been achieved at large-scale tabletop installations, for example, using a laser-heated plasma [7], and more recently using smaller scale capillary discharge devices [8] and optical-laser-pumped soft X-ray lasers [9, 10].…”

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confidence: 99%

Ultraintense X‐Ray Interactions at the Linac Coherent Light Source

Young

2014

Attosecond and XUV Physics

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IntroductionUltraintense, tunable X-ray pulses recently available from the LCLS, the world's first hard X-ray free electron laser, increase the intensity and fluence available in a single X-ray pulse up to a billion-fold over that typically available at synchrotron facilities. As a result the LCLS has provided a unique opportunity to investigate nonlinear phenomena at short wavelengths. After an introduction to basic X-ray processes, we review initial experiments at the LCLS that establish basic principles of X-ray interactions with matter at intensities approaching 10 18 W/cm 2 at wavelengths down to 0.6 nm. Throughout the chapter interactions with neon atoms are discussed. Neon is taken as a prototypical example as it is a second row element with sufficient complexity to display basic inner-shell processes, Auger decay, radiative relaxation, and shakeup excitation and ionization. The complexity of innershell processes induced in molecules is briefly discussed. Nonresonant processes that selectively address inner-and outer-shell electrons and X-ray-laser-driven resonant processes, such as Rabi flopping of inner-shell electrons, are discussed. The first use of the LCLS for laser-pump/X-ray probe studies of molecular dynamics is discussed. Characterization of LCLS pulse properties, pulse energy, duration, profile, jitter, focus is described, as this knowledge is critical for predictive theoretical models. Finally, an outlook presents prospects for generating a fully coherent X-ray pulse via self-seeding techniques, a matter of considerable impact for atomic physics and imaging experiments.The first laser was built in 1960 by Ted Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratory [1]. It consisted of a flashlamp-pumped 1-cm ruby rod with silvered end faces that exhibited stimulated emission at 6943 Å. Visible lasers and their applications have since become widely appreciated and are commonly found in everyday appliances. However, long-wavelength visible lasers can not be used to fabricate objects at the nanoscale, interrogate matter on the atomic scale, or for high-resolution metrology and microscopy. Envisioning such applications, scientists have long dreamt of producing an X-ray laser. Early proposals dating from the 1960s suggested schemes to Attosecond and XUV Physics, First Edition. Edited by Thomas Schultz and Marc Vrakking.

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Gain in the far vacuum ultraviolet region due to transitions in multiply charged ions

Cited by 70 publications

References 0 publications

The 4d–4p transitions and soft X-ray laser wavelengths in Si-like ions

The 4d–4p transitions and soft X-ray laser wavelengths in Si-like ions

Table-top Soft X-Ray Lasers

Ultraintense X‐Ray Interactions at the Linac Coherent Light Source

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