Gait analysis as an objective measure in a chronic pain model

Coulthard, Paul; Pleuvry, Barbara J.; Brewster, Mike; Wilson, Kieran; Macfarlane, Tatiana V.

doi:10.1016/s0165-0270(02)00042-0

Cited by 65 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The observed increase in DS as an indicator of pain was consistent to previous reports on inflammatory pain (Coulthard, 2002;Coulthard, 2003;Simjee 2004), which was explained as an adaptive mechanism to reduce mechanical agitation to the injured limb to avoid pain.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Analysis of ankle data would further increase number of comparisons on the same set of data. Previous studies on animal gait (Coulthard, 2002;Coulthard, 2003;Simjee 2004) also faced the same problem of multiple comparisons, Page 21 of 37 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 20 but adjustments were made only to multiple 2-group comparisons. In our study, we analyzed the data with MANOVA and ANOVA with repeated measures but post hoc multiple group comparisons were not performed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It follows that two Page 6 of 37 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 5 separate DS are identified in a stride: one ended with the take-off of the contralateral limb, while another ended with the take-off of the observed limb. However, there was no clear distinction between the two in previous reports (Coulthard, 2002;Coulthard, 2003). Since DS is identified as a sensitive parameter to characterize pain (Simjee, 2004), it is necessary to distinguish the two for the use of DS as a valid measurement for pain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A number of methods were developed to measure pain in small animals, including measurement of weight-bearing (Vrinten, 2003), mechanical sensitivity (Fernihough, 2004), vocalization (Han, 2005) and gait analysis such as footprint analysis (Marxen, 2004) and motion analysis [Coulthard, 2002;Coulthard, 2003;Varejao 2002]. As chronic tendinopathy is characterized with activity-related pain, it is more plausible to Page 5 of 37 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 4 detect the pain-associated changes in dynamic state (walking) instead of static state (standing).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gait analysis has been developed to monitor inflammatory pain in small animals, such as rats (Coulthard, 2003), as well as large animals such as horse (Marxen, 2004). Coulthard P (2002; demonstrated the use of motion analysis as a reproducible, objective measure for acute and chronic pain induced with intraplantar injection of irritants, characterized by significant changes in temporal gait parameters such as double stance duration. Changes in ankle angle during stance phase have been used to investigate functional recovery in rats (Varejao, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of motion analysis to measure pain-related behaviour in a rat model of degenerative tendon injuries

Chan

et al. 2009

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Additional Information:• This paper was accepted for publication in the journal Journal of Neu- This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 1 Abstract:Chronic tendinopathy is characterized with longstanding activity-related pain with degenerative tendon injuries. An objective tool to measure painful responses in animal models is essential for the development of effective treatment for tendinopathy. Gait analysis has been developed to monitor the inflammatory pain in small animals. We reported the use of motion analysis to monitor gait changes in a rat model of degenerative tendon injury. Intratendinous injection of collagenase into the left patellar tendon of Sprague Dawley rat was used to induce degenerative tendon injury, while an equal volume of saline was injected in the control groups. Motion analyses with a high-speed video camera were performed on all rats at pre-injury, 2, 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks post injection. In the end-point study, the rats were sacrificed to obtain tendon samples for histological examination after motion analyses. In the follow-up study, repeated motion analyses were performed on another group of collagenase-treated and saline-treated rats. The results showed that rats with injured patellar tendon exhibited altered walking gait as compared to the controls. The change in double stance duration in the collagenase-treated rats was reversible by administration of buprenorphrine (p = 0.029), it suggested that the detected gait changes were associated pain. Comparisons of end-point and follow-up studies revealed the confounding effects of training, which led to higher gait velocities and probably a different adaptive response to tendon pain in the trained rats. The results * Manuscript (With Page Numbers)Page 3 of 37 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 2 showed that motion analysis could be used to measure activity-related chronic tendon pain. (Word count: 247)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of motion analysis to measure pain-related behaviour in a rat model of degenerative tendon injuries

Chan

et al. 2009

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Enhancing the Repair of Substantial Volumetric Muscle Loss by Creating Different Levels of Blood Vessel Networks Using Pre‐Vascularized Nerve Hydrogel Implants

Wei,

Chen,

Tsai

et al. 2024

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a significant loss of muscle tissue due to trauma or surgery, resulting in scarring, minimal regeneration, and notable fibrosis. This leads to permanent declines in muscle mass and function. One potential approach to enhance recovery in substantial VML is to restore vascular and neural networks at the injury site. However, the processes of neovascularization and tissue integration at the muscle injury site have not been widely studied. Collagen hydrogels have been explored as scaffolds for cultivating cell‐mediated blood vessels due to their biocompatibility. However, effectively reconstructing blood vessels and guiding host neurons for innervation at the injury site remains challenging. In this study, collagen hydrogels with varying blood vessel‐forming cell densities were subcutaneously implanted in mice, creating pre‐vascularized hydrogels with a wide range of vessel densities (0∼145 numbers/mm2) within a week. Host motor neurons concurrently followed these pre‐formed vessels through coordinated interactions, forming pre‐vascularized nerve hydrogels. These hydrogels were then transplanted into muscle injury sites and evaluated for their muscle repair capabilities through histological and behavioral analyses. The results demonstrated that achieving sufficiently high microvessel densities within the hydrogel construct, which fully occupied the wound area, effectively reconnected with the host vasculature and interacted with neural networks to promote neovascularization, myogenesis, and integration processes, ultimately addressing approximately 63% of the volumetric muscle loss.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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The Need for Speed in Rodent Locomotion Analyses

Batka

Brown

McMillan

et al. 2014

The Anatomical Record

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Locomotion analysis is now widely used across many animal species to understand the motor defects in disease, functional recovery following neural injury, and the effectiveness of various treatments. More recently, rodent locomotion analysis has become an increasingly popular method in a diverse range of research. Speed is an inseparable aspect of locomotion that is still not fully understood, and its effects are often not properly incorporated while analyzing data. In this hybrid manuscript, we accomplish three things: (1) review the interaction between speed and locomotion variables in rodent studies, (2) comprehensively analyze the relationship between speed and 162 locomotion variables in a group of 16 wild-type mice using the CatWalk gait analysis system, and (3) develop and test a statistical method in which locomotion variables are analyzed and reported in the context of speed. Notable results include the following: (1) over 90% of variables, reported by CatWalk, were dependent on speed with an average R2 value of 0.624, (2) most variables were related to speed in a nonlinear manner, (3) current methods of controlling for speed are insufficient, and (4) the linear mixed model is an appropriate and effective statistical method for locomotion analyses that is inclusive of speed-dependent relationships. Given the pervasive dependency of locomotion variables on speed, we maintain that valid conclusions from locomotion analyses cannot be made unless they are analyzed and reported within the context of speed.

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Gait analysis as an objective measure in a chronic pain model

Cited by 65 publications

References 18 publications

The use of motion analysis to measure pain-related behaviour in a rat model of degenerative tendon injuries

The use of motion analysis to measure pain-related behaviour in a rat model of degenerative tendon injuries

Enhancing the Repair of Substantial Volumetric Muscle Loss by Creating Different Levels of Blood Vessel Networks Using Pre‐Vascularized Nerve Hydrogel Implants

The Need for Speed in Rodent Locomotion Analyses

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