Galanin Microinjection in the Third Ventricle Increases Voluntary Ethanol Intake

Lewis, Michael J.; Johnson, Deanne F.; Waldman, D.B.; Leibowitz, Sarah F.; Hoebel, Bartley G.

doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000148099.12344.c8

Cited by 60 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 36 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Also, 2 recent studies from our laboratories show that PVN or i.c.v. injection of GAL can increase ethanol consumption, and a GAL receptor antagonist can produce the opposite effect: a marked decrease in ethanol intake (Lewis et al, 2004;Rada et al, 2004). This suggests a possible cause-and-effect relationship, in the form of a positive feedback circuit, between the peptides and ethanol, similar to that seen for fat.…”

Section: Functional Consequences Of Increased Peptide Expressionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Recent studies indicate a similar relationship between hypothalamic GAL and the consumption of ethanol. Injection of GAL into the PVN or ventricles increases the amount of ethanol consumed (Lewis et al, 2004;Rada et al, 2004), and voluntary ethanol intake and systemic injection of ethanol stimulate the expression of GAL mRNA in the PVN (Leibowitz et al, 2003). These results suggest that peptides in the hypothalamus that modulate food intake may also have a role in ethanol intake.…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…This effect is also seen with measurements of ENK and DYN peptide levels, indicating that the ethanol-induced change in gene expression may result in an increase in peptide production. The possibility that these elevated peptides have functional consequences needs to be confirmed with opioid injection studies, similar to those performed with GAL (Lewis et al, 2004;Rada et al, 2004). In a prior report with measurements of ENK mRNA in the PVN, intragastric administration of ethanol (2.5 g/kg) was found to stimulate gene expression at 24 hours but not at 1 or 4 hours after the infusion (de Gortari et al, 2000).…”

Section: Effect Of Ethanol On Opioid Peptides In the Pvnmentioning

confidence: 92%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effect of Ethanol on Hypothalamic Opioid Peptides, Enkephalin, and Dynorphin: Relationship With Circulating Triglycerides

Chang

Karatayev

Ahsan

et al. 2007

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Recent evidence has demonstrated that ethanol intake can stimulate the expression and production of the feeding-stimulatory peptide, galanin (GAL), in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and that PVN injection of this peptide, in turn, can increase the consumption of ethanol. To test the hypothesis that other feeding-related systems are involved in ethanol intake, this study examined the effect of ethanol on the hypothalamic opioid peptides, enkephalin (ENK), and dynorphin (DYN).Method: Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to voluntarily drink increasing concentrations of ethanol, up to 9% v/v, on a 12-hour access schedule or were given a single injection of ethanol (10% v/v) versus saline vehicle. The effect of ethanol on GAL, ENK, and DYN mRNA was measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and radiolabeled in situ hybridization, while radioimmunoassay was used to measure peptide levels. In addition to blood alcohol, circulating levels of triglycerides (TG), leptin, and insulin were also measured.Results: The data demonstrated that: (1) rats voluntarily drinking 9% v/v ethanol (approximately 2.0 g/kg/d) show a significant increase in GAL, ENK, and DYN mRNA in the PVN compared with water-drinking rats; (2) voluntary consumption of ethanol also increases peptide levels of ENK and DYN in the PVN; (3) acute injection of 10% ethanol (1.0 g/kg of 10% v/v) similarly increases the expression of GAL, ENK, and DYN in the PVN; and (4) ethanol consumption and injection, while having little effect on leptin and insulin, consistently increase circulating levels of TG as well as alcohol, both of which are strongly, positively correlated with peptide expression in the PVN.Conclusions: These findings, together with published studies, suggest a possible role for hypothalamic opioid peptides in the drinking of ethanol. Based on evidence that dietary fat and lipid injections stimulate the PVN peptides and injection of the opiates and GAL increase ethanol intake, it is proposed that both TG and alcohol in the circulation, which are elevated by the ingestion or injection of ethanol, are involved in stimulating these peptides in the PVN, which in turn promote further consumption of ethanol.

show abstract

Section: Functional Consequences Of Increased Peptide Expressionmentioning

confidence: 90%

mentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Effect Of Ethanol On Opioid Peptides In the Pvnmentioning

confidence: 92%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of Ethanol on Hypothalamic Opioid Peptides, Enkephalin, and Dynorphin: Relationship With Circulating Triglycerides

Chang

Karatayev

Ahsan

et al. 2007

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Moreover, fat-rich diets increase galanin expression in the hypothalamus (Leibowitz, Akabayashi, & Wang, 1998). Based on these data, Lewis, Johnson, Waldmen, Leibowitz, & Hoebel (2004) investigated the role of galanin on alcohol intake. They found that in rats trained to prefer alcohol over water for many weeks, microinjection of this 29-30 amino acid peptide into the third ventricle near the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) (Lewis et al) or in the nucleus itself (Rada, Avena, Leibowitz, & Hoebel, 2004) increased alcohol intake.…”

Section: Development Of Alcohol Dependence: the Role Of Feeding Nutrmentioning

confidence: 99%

The International Society for Developmental Psychobiology 39th Annual Meeting Symposium: Alcohol and Development: Beyond fetal alcohol syndrome

Molina

Spear

et al. 2007

Developmental Psychobiology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As has been repeatedly demonstrated, alcohol can exert deleterious morphological and physiological effects during early stages in development. The present review examines nonteratological links existing between alcohol and ontogeny. Human and animal studies are taken into consideration for the analysis of fetal, neonatal, infantile, adolescent, and adult responsiveness to the drug. Sensitivity to alcohol's chemosensory and postabsorptive properties, as well as learning and memory processes mediated by such properties, are examined from this developmental perspective. The studies under discussion indicate that, within each stage in development, we can trace alcohol-related experiences capable of determining or modulating alcohol seeking and intake patterns.

show abstract

“…18 Ethanol intake increases GAL mRNA expression in the rat hypothalamus, 19 whereas GAL injected into the third ventricle or the hypothalamus increases ethanol consumption in rats that have learned to drink alcohol at moderate levels. 20,21 This suggests the possibility of a positive feedback loop between GAL and alcohol intake. 22 The gene encoding preprogalanin, GAL, localized on chromosome 11q13.2, 23 is 7.5 kb in length.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of galanin haplotypes with alcoholism and anxiety in two ethnically distinct populations

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is widely expressed in the central nervous system. Animal studies have implicated GAL in alcohol abuse and anxiety: chronic ethanol intake increases hypothalamic GAL mRNA; high levels of stress increase GAL release in the central amygdala. The coding sequence of the galanin gene, GAL, is highly conserved and a functional polymorphism has not yet been found. The aim of our study was, for the first time, to identify GAL haplotypes and investigate associations with alcoholism and anxiety. Seven singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning GAL were genotyped in 65 controls from five populations: US and Finnish Caucasians, African Americans, Plains and Southwestern Indians. A single haplotype block with little evidence of historical recombination was observed for each population. Four tag SNPs were then genotyped in DSM-III-R lifetime alcoholics and nonalcoholics from two population isolates: 514 Finnish Caucasian men and 331 Plains Indian men and women. Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire harm avoidance (HA) scores, a dimensional measure of anxiety, were obtained. There was a haplotype association with alcoholism in both the Finnish (P = 0.001) and Plains Indian (P = 0.004) men. The SNPs were also significantly associated. Alcoholics were divided into high and low HA groups (X and < mean HA of population). In the Finns, haplotype (P < 0.0001) and diplotype (P < 0.0001) distributions differed between high HA alcoholics, low HA alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Our results from two independent populations suggest that GAL may contribute to vulnerability to alcoholism, perhaps mediated by dimensional anxiety.

show abstract

Galanin Microinjection in the Third Ventricle Increases Voluntary Ethanol Intake

Cited by 60 publications

References 36 publications

Effect of Ethanol on Hypothalamic Opioid Peptides, Enkephalin, and Dynorphin: Relationship With Circulating Triglycerides

Effect of Ethanol on Hypothalamic Opioid Peptides, Enkephalin, and Dynorphin: Relationship With Circulating Triglycerides

The International Society for Developmental Psychobiology 39th Annual Meeting Symposium: Alcohol and Development: Beyond fetal alcohol syndrome

Association of galanin haplotypes with alcoholism and anxiety in two ethnically distinct populations

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About