Galectin-3 Is a Target for Proteases Involved in the Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus

Elmwall, Jonas; Kwieciński, Jakub; Na, Manli; Ali, Abukar; Osla, Veronica; Shaw, Lindsey N.; Wang, Wanzhong; Sävman, Karin; Josefsson, Elisabet; Bylund, Johan; Jin, Tao; Welin, Amanda; Karlsson, Anna

doi:10.1128/iai.00177-17

Cited by 24 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…Its expression is high in tubular carcinoma, up-regulating the expressions of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) [59]. Galectin-3 is a target for microbial proteases [60]. Ceramide, a sphingolipid, a lipid second messenger, elicits cellular stress response and controls autophagy.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Cathepsin-driven Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cathepsins: Proteases that are vital for survival but can also be fatal

Patel

Homaei

El‐Seedi

et al. 2018

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

170

108

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The state of enzymes in the human body determines the normal physiology or pathology, so all the six classes of enzymes are crucial. Proteases, the hydrolases, can be of several types based on the nucleophilic amino acid or the metal cofactor needed for their activity. Cathepsins are proteases with serine, cysteine, or aspartic acid residues as the nucleophiles, which are vital for digestion, coagulation, immune response, adipogenesis, hormone liberation, peptide synthesis, among a litany of other functions. But inflammatory state radically affects their normal roles. Released from the lysosomes, they degrade extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and elastin, mediating parasite infection, autoimmune diseases, tumor metastasis, cardiovascular issues, and neural degeneration, among other health hazards. Over the years, the different types and isoforms of cathepsin, their optimal pH and functions have been studied, yet much information is still elusive. By taming and harnessing cathepsins, by inhibitors and judicious lifestyle, a gamut of malignancies can be resolved. This review discusses these aspects, which can be of clinical relevance.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Cathepsin-driven Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cathepsins: Proteases that are vital for survival but can also be fatal

Patel

Homaei

El‐Seedi

et al. 2018

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

170

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Gal-3 bridges neutrophils to endothelial cells and activate neutrophils (Figure 2B ), augmenting pneumococcus phagocytosis and delaying apoptosis. These effects are disabled by Staphylococcus aureus via degradation of Gal-3 with a bacterial protease ( 90 ). In contrast, Gal-3 deficiency confers resistance to Rhodococcus equi ( 91 ).…”

Section: Galectinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Collectins and Galectins in Lung Innate Immune Defense

et al. 2018

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Different families of endogenous lectins use complementary defense strategies against pathogens. They may recognize non-self glycans typically found on pathogens and/or host glycans. The collectin and galectin families are prominent examples of these two lectin categories. Collectins are C-type lectins that contain a carbohydrate recognition domain and a collagen-like domain. Members of this group include surfactant protein A (SP-A) and D (SP-D), secreted by the alveolar epithelium to the alveolar fluid. Lung collectins bind to several microorganisms, which results in pathogen aggregation and/or killing, and enhances phagocytosis of pathogens by alveolar macrophages. Moreover, SP-A and SP-D influence macrophage responses, contributing to resolution of inflammation, and SP-A is essential for tissue-repair functions of macrophages. Galectins also function by interacting directly with pathogens or by modulating the immune system in response to the infection. Direct binding may result in enhanced or impaired infection of target cells, or can have microbicidal effects. Immunomodulatory effects of galectins include recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, promotion of neutrophil function, and stimulation of the bactericidal activity of infected macrophages. Moreover, intracellular galectins can serve as danger receptors, promoting autophagy of the invading pathogen. This review will focus on the role of collectins and galectins in pathogen clearance and immune response activation in infectious diseases of the respiratory system.

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“…Galectin‐3 can be cleaved by the staphylococcal protease SspB produced by Staphylococcus aureus ; this protease was shown to inhibit galectin‐3‐induced oxygen radical production in neutrophils. The authors also showed SspB‐expressing S. aureus caused more severe skin lesions and higher bacterial loads than protease‐lacking bacteria in galectin‐3 +/+ mice, but not in galectin‐3 ‐/‐ mice; the latter also developed less severe skin lesions …”

Section: Keratinocyte Differentiation and Skin Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The authors also showed SspB-expressing S. aureus caused more severe skin lesions and higher bacterial loads than protease-lacking bacteria in galectin-3 +/+ mice, but not in galectin-3 -/mice; the latter also developed less severe skin lesions. [28] Galectin-7 is mainly expressed in stratified epithelia and notably in both basal and suprabasal epidermises. [29,30] Galectin-7 mRNA expression in cultured keratinocytes and reconstructed epidermis was suppressed by retinoic acid.…”

Section: K Er Atino C Y Te D Ifferentiati On and S Kin Barrier Fun mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gal-3 promotes Th2 response, IgE level, eosinophil infiltration [11,13,14] Higher gal-7 content in cheek stratum corneum of patients Elevated serum gal-9 in patients with AD Allergy Dietary synbiotics increases serum gal-9 levels, correlating with the attenuation of allergic symptoms [16] Contact hypersensitivity Gal-1 promotes sensitization but suppresses elicitation phase [9,17] Gal-3 promotes contact hypersensitivity through promoting dendritic cell migration Psoriasis Downregulation of gal-1 in dendritic cells [18,19] Gal-3 is decreased in epidermis but increased in dermal capillary endothelial cells in lesional skin SLE Increased serum antigal-3 antibodies in patients with skin lesions [21] Juvenile dermatomyositis Plasma gal-9 level correlates with disease activity/clinical scores [22] Keratinocyte differentiation/ skin barrier Gal-1 is decreased in confluent keratinocytes [13,23,24,26,28,29,31] Gal-1 secretion from reconstructed human epidermal equivalents in dry condition…”

Section: Admentioning

confidence: 99%

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The expression and function of galectins in skin physiology and pathology

Liu

2018

Experimental Dermatology

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The galectin family comprises β-galactoside-binding proteins widely expressed in many organisms. There are at least 16 family members, which can be classified into three groups based on their carbohydrate-recognition domains. Pleiotropic functions of different galectins in physiological and pathological processes through extracellular or intracellular actions have been revealed. In the skin, galectins are expressed in a variety of cells, including keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. Expression of specific galectins is reported to affect cell status, such as activation or death, and regulate the interaction between different cell types or between cells and the extracellular matrix. In vitro cellular studies, in vivo animal studies and studies of human clinical material have revealed the pathophysiologic roles of galectins in the skin. The pathogenesis of diverse non-malignant skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, contact dermatitis and wound healing, as well as skin cancers, such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous haematologic malignancy can be regulated by different galectins. Revelation of biological roles of galectins in skin may pave the way to future development of galectin-based therapeutic strategies for skin diseases.

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Galectin-3 Is a Target for Proteases Involved in the Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus

Cited by 24 publications

References 58 publications

Cathepsins: Proteases that are vital for survival but can also be fatal

Cathepsins: Proteases that are vital for survival but can also be fatal

The Role of Collectins and Galectins in Lung Innate Immune Defense

The expression and function of galectins in skin physiology and pathology

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