Gall's psychophysiological concept of function: The rise and decline of “internal essence”

Tourism Systems Thinking: Towards an Integrated Framework to Guide the Study of the Tourism Phenomenon

“…This is a process that transforms energy from one state into another. Performing a function means to take a resource, to process it in a set of stages, and to deliver an output (Dekkers, 2015;Hoff, 1992). This notion is useful in identifying the elements' individual and collective behavior.…”

Enhancing Destinations’ Social Capital for Access to International Tourism Markets: The Case of the Cajas Massif Biosphere Area

“…Systems thinking conceives a system as a dynamic entity composed of diverse interacting elements, without necessarily clear limits to its environment, which is influenced by the system and constantly influences the system (Ghosh, 2015;Mai and Smith, 2015). Some of systems thinking's key concepts that describe tourism's characteristics are: elements (Dekkers, 2015) or the interacting actors like visitors, firms, governments or residents; functions (Hoff, 1992) or the roles that ac- (Dekkers, 2015) ili dionici koji su u međusobnoj interakciji, poput posjetitelja, poduzeća, vlasti ili stanovnika; funkcije (Hoff, 1992) ili uloge koju ti dionici igraju u (turističkom) doživljaju; dinamika (Mella, 2012) ili interakcije između (turističkih) dionika; nastanak (McDonald, 2009) ili nova zajednička sposobnost kreiranja (turističkog) doživljaja kojega niti jedan dionik samostalno ne može stvoriti; samoorganizacija (Farrell i Twining-Ward, 2004) ili dinamika koju nije moguće u potpunosti kontrolirati iz jednog centra i ovisi o specifičnim i promjenjivim interakcijama; nelinearnost (Speakman, 2016) ili rezultati koji nisu proporcionalni s uloženim naporima; i okolina (Hartman, 2016b) ili promjenjivi kontekst sustava (destinacije) i međusobni utjecaji takvih različitih konteksta. Ovi koncepti omogućavaju i istraživanje društvenog kapitala kao resursa koji nastaje iz sustava interakcija među dionicima destinacije.…”

“…Pojmovno se bazira na načelima sistemskog mišljenja i shematski ga se može prikazati interakcijama između raznih takozvanih dionika -poduzeća, vlasti, stanovnika i znamenitosti -te posjetitelja. Stoga se Slika 1 može tumačiti na sljedeći način: 'funkcije' (Dekkers, 2015;Hoff, 1992), koje obavljaju tors play in the (tourism) experience; dynamics (Mella, 2012) or the interactions among (tourism) actors; emergence (McDonald, 2009) or the new capacity of the collective to create a (tourism) experience not possible for any actor alone; self-organisation (Farrell and Twining-Ward, 2004) or dynamics that are not fully centrally controllable and depend on specific and variable interactions; nonlinearity (Speakman, 2016) or results that are disproportional to the inputted efforts; and environment (Hartman, 2016b) or the system's (destination's) changing context and their mutual influences. These concepts also allow exploration of social capital as a resource emerging from a system of interactions among a destination's actors.…”

“…It is conceptually based on the principles of systems thinking and schematically illustrated by the interactions between various so-called facilitators -firms, governments, residents and attractions -and visitors. In that sense, Figure 1 can be read as follows: the functions (Dekkers, 2015;Hoff, 1992), performed from the perspective of the interacting elements (i.e. the visitors and the facilitators), generate certain dynamics (Dekkers, 2015;Ghosh, 2015;Mella, 2012).…”