Gallbladder cancer: Past, present and an uncertain future

Boutros, Cherif; Gary, Melody A.; Baldwin, Keith; Somasundar, Ponnandai

doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2012.08.002

Cited by 117 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…More than 200 years later, when it comes to GBC, the impression to us still is late clinical diagnosis, lack of effective treatment methods and an extremely poor prognosis. Gallstones, inflammation, gender, aging, and obesity considered as high risk factors for GBC have been consistent in most of relevant reports (Hsing et al, 2007;Venniyoor, 2008;Boutros et al, 2012;Srivastava et al, 2012;Stinton and Shaffer, 2012). At present, complete surgical resection is the most effectively curative measure for GBC (Aretxabala et al, 2006;Furuse, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Primary Gallbladder Carcinoma: Estrogen Receptors

Zhang

Zhang²,

Xu³

et al. 2013

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Gallbladder carcinoma, the most frequent malignant neoplasm of the biliary tract system, has always been considered to feature late clinical presentation and diagnosis, limited treatment options and an extremely poor prognosis. In recent years, while the incidence of gallbladder cancer has appeared to be on the increase, the available treatment methods have not greatly improved survival of the affected patients. Thus, exploring new therapeutic targets for this devastating disease is an urgent matter at present. Epidemical studies have demonstrated that the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma exhibits a distinct gender bias, affecting females two to three times more than males, pointing to crucial roles of estrogen. It is well known that estrogen acts on target tissues by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), which are mainly divided into three subtypes, ERα, ERβ and ERγ. ERα and ERβ appear to have overlapping but also unique even opposite biological effects. As important pathogenic mediators, ERs have been considered to relate to several kinds of tumors. In gallbladder carcinoma tissue, ERs have been shown to be positively expressed, and ERs expression levels are associated with differentiation and prognosis of this cancer. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of estrogen inducing growth of gallbladder carcinoma remain poorly understood. On the base of the current investigations, we deduce that estrogen participates in promotion of gallbladder carcinoma by influencing the formation of gallstones, stimulating angiogenesis, and promoting abnormal proliferation. Since ERs mediate the carcinogenic actions of estrogen in gallbladder, and therapy targeting ERs may provide new directions for gallbladder carcinoma. Therefore, it should be stressed that ERs are potential therapeutic targets for gallbladder carcinoma.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Primary Gallbladder Carcinoma: Estrogen Receptors

Zhang

Zhang²,

Xu³

et al. 2013

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…GBC is a rare aggressive tumor with median survival time of less than 1 year (30). To further understand the somatic mutation spectrum in GBC, Li et al performed a combined WES and ultra-deep sequencing of 57 tumornormal pairs of pathologically confirmed cases of GBC (31).…”

Section: Gbcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular landscape and sub-classification of gastrointestinal cancers: a review of literature

Fakhri¹,

Lim²

2017

J. Gastrointest. Oncol.

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Abstract:The historical approach of diagnosing cancer types based entirely on anatomic origin and histologic features, and the "one-size-fit-all" therapeutic approach, are inadequate in modern cancer treatment. From decades of research we now know that cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease driven by complex genetic or epigenetic alterations. The advent of various high throughput molecular tools has now enabled us to view and sub-classify each cancer type based on their distinct molecular features, in addition to histologic classification, with the promise of individualized treatment strategies tailored towards each specific subtype to improve patient outcomes. In this review, we have made an effort to systematically review the most up-to-date, leading literature in molecular analysis and/or subtyping of major gastrointestinal cancers. These include esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), gastric cancer (GC) adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gallbladder cancer (GBC), and colorectal cancer (CRC). For each cancer type we summarized the global mutational landscape, subgroup classification based on genomics, epigenetics, gene expression and/or proteomic analysis, and their salient clinicopathological features. We have highlighted the actionable mutations or mutational pathways that could help guide targeted therapies in the future.

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“…Various aspects of IGBC like risk factors, tumor markers and survival rates need to be studied further. The results of current study will help us to identify at risk patients and formulate guidelines for appropriate surgical intervention in conjunction with oncologist/gastroenterologist feedback [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%