Gallium–Carbon: A Universal Composite for Sustainable 3D Printing of Integrated Sensor–Heater–Battery Systems in Wearable and Recyclable Electronics

Parvini, Elahe; Hajalilou, Abdollah; Gonçalves Vilarinho, João Pedro; Alhais Lopes, Pedro; Maranha, Miguel; Tavakoli, Mahmoud

doi:10.1021/acsami.4c02706

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

2024

DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02706

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Gallium–Carbon: A Universal Composite for Sustainable 3D Printing of Integrated Sensor–Heater–Battery Systems in Wearable and Recyclable Electronics

Elahe Parvini,

Abdollah Hajalilou,

João Pedro Gonçalves Vilarinho

et al.

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2024

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Cited by 2 publications

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Ubiquitous Liquid Metal 3D Printing: From Gas, Liquid to Rigid Media

Shan,

Feng,

Cui

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Liquid metals (LMs) are opening large spaces for achieving functional 3D printing. However, previous fabrication strategies ever developed so far can only address a specific printing task that has yet to fulfill various needs. Conceiving that all fabrications and their output quality are dominated by the interactions between printing inks and their ambient environment, this review is dedicated to presenting a generalized framework toward the ubiquitous LM 3D printing and summarizing its fabrication category thus integrated. A panoramic view is provided that intentionally administrating the interfacial interactions among different media can guide ink modification and printing optimization. Further, the interactions between LM inks and various media are interpreted, ranging from gases, and liquids to soft matters, biological tissues, and even rigid materials, exploring key mechanisms such as oxidation facilitation, heat dissipation, structural support, modulus matching, strong wettability, and high reactivity. Following that, the LM inks, typical printing technologies, diverse working media, and enabled applications are reviewed. The elucidation of these interactions, particularly physical and chemical effects, can lead to the incubation of future LM 3D printing centers. It is expected that interactional LM 3D printing can mold additive manufacturing into ever‐powerful tools in the coming time.

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Ubiquitous Liquid Metal 3D Printing: From Gas, Liquid to Rigid Media

Shan,

Feng,

Cui

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Replacing the Gallium Oxide Shell with Conductive Ag: Toward a Printable and Recyclable Composite for Highly Stretchable Electronics, Electromagnetic Shielding, and Thermal Interfaces

Hajalilou,

Parvini,

Morgado

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Liquid metal (LM)-based composites hold promise for soft electronics due to their high conductivity and fluidic nature. However, the presence of α-Ga 2 O 3 and GaOOH layers around LM droplets impairs conductivity and performance. We tackle this issue by replacing the oxide layer with conductive silver (Ag) using an ultrasonic-assisted galvanic replacement reaction. The Ag-coated nanoparticles form aggregated, porous microparticles that are mixed with styrene−isoprene−styrene (SIS) polymers, resulting in a digitally printable composite with superior electrical conductivity and electromechanical properties compared to conventional fillers. Adding more LM enhances these properties further. The composite achieves EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) exceeding 75 dB in the X-band frequency range, even at 200% strain, meeting stringent military and medical standards. It is applicable in wireless communications and Bluetooth signal blocking and as a thermal interface material (TIM). Additionally, we highlight its recyclability using a biodegradable solvent, underscoring its eco-friendly potential. This composite represents a significant advancement in stretchable electronics and EMI shielding, with implications for wearable and bioelectronic applications.

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Gallium–Carbon: A Universal Composite for Sustainable 3D Printing of Integrated Sensor–Heater–Battery Systems in Wearable and Recyclable Electronics

Cited by 2 publications

References 68 publications

Ubiquitous Liquid Metal 3D Printing: From Gas, Liquid to Rigid Media

Ubiquitous Liquid Metal 3D Printing: From Gas, Liquid to Rigid Media

Replacing the Gallium Oxide Shell with Conductive Ag: Toward a Printable and Recyclable Composite for Highly Stretchable Electronics, Electromagnetic Shielding, and Thermal Interfaces

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