Ganoderma lucidum Ethanol Extracts Enhance Re-Epithelialization and Prevent Keratinocytes from Free-Radical Injury

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum or Reishi is recognized as the most potent adaptogen present in nature, and its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities are well known. Moreover, lately, there has been an increasing interest from pharmaceutical companies in antiaging G. lucidum-extract-based formulations. Nevertheless, the pharmacological mechanisms of such adaptogenic and regenerative actions remain unclear. The present investigation aimed to explore its molecular and cellular effects in vitro in epidermal keratinocyte cultures by applying liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCMS-IT-TOF) for analysis of ethanol extracts using ganoderic acid-A as a reference compound. The G. lucidum extract showed a keratinocyte proliferation induction accompanied by an increase of cyclic kinase protein expressions, such as CDK2 and CDK6. Furthermore, a noteworthy migration rate increase and activation of tissue remodelling factors, such as matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9), were observed. Finally, the extract showed an antioxidant effect, protecting from H2O2-induced cytotoxicity; preventing activation of AKT (protein kinase B), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), p53 and p21; and reducing the number of apoptotic cells. Our study paves the path for elucidating pharmacological properties of G. lucidum and its potential development as cosmeceutical skin products, providing the first evidence of its capability to accelerate the healing processes enhancing re-epithelialization and to protect cells from free-radical action.

Keratinocytes Migration Promotion, Proliferation Induction, and Free Radical Injury Prevention by 3-Hydroxytirosol

“…When the confluent cells formed a homogeneous carpet and a vertical wound in the wells using a 200 µL tip was performed, culture medium containing HT at 1, 5, and 10 µM or the vehicle alone was added to the wells, after two washes to eliminate the cells detached. The wound area was recorded immediately and after 18 h through microscope analysis, as previously described [ 69 ] and quantified by Wimasis Image Analysis software (Onimagin Technologies Spa, Cordoba, Spain).…”

Mangostanin, a Xanthone Derived from Garcinia mangostana Fruit, Exerts Protective and Reparative Effects on Oxidative Damage in Human Keratinocytes

“…H 2 O 2 induced cytotoxicity dose-dependently, starting at 50 µM, where the inhibition of cell viability was statistically significant, and reaching a reduction of 29.1% at 200 µM. Previous studies reported that lower concentrations of H 2 O 2 (≤250 µM) induced apoptotic cell death of more cells, whereas higher H 2 O 2 concentrations (1000 µM) resulted in an increase in overall cell death but a reduction in apoptosis [28,29]. Therefore, we decided to use 200 µM of H 2 O 2 in the subsequent experiments.…”

“…The CHCl3 and MeOH extracts of G. mangostana arils (1 Ext CHCL3 and 1 Ext MeOH) and shells (2 Ext CHCL3 and 2 Ext MeOH) were further purified by HPLC-UV to afford compounds 1-12 (Figure 1). The chloroform and methanol extracts of mangosteen arils submitted to purification by HPLC-UV showed a similar profile characterized by the occurrence of five main compounds, identified as 1,7-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthen-9-one (1), 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2,8-bis(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-9H-xanthen-9one (2), α-mangostin (3), demethylcalabaxanthone (4), and mangostanin (5), also known as 6-hydroxycalabaxanthone or 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone [2,28,29]. The chloroform extract of mangosteen shells submitted to purification by HPLC-UV allowed the isolation of mangostanol (6), garcinone D (7), γ-mangostin (8), gudraxanthone (9), 8-deoxygartanin (10), garcinone E (11), β-mangostin (12), along with compounds 2, 3 and 5.…”

Iron-Enriched Nutritional Supplements for the 2030 Pharmacy Shelves

“…Its orally given extracts improved hematological parameters in healthy rats; researchers saw a slight but significant increase in hemoglobin levels and a great rise in leukocyte numbers [196]. This could be probably explained by a combination of positive effects of Ganoderma iron content and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [197,198].…”