Garbage Management: An Important Risk Factor for HPAI-Virus Infection in Commercial Poultry Flocks

Walz, Emily; Linskens, Eric J.; Umber, Jamie; Culhane, Marie; Halvorson, David A.; Contadini, Francesca; Cardona, Carol J.

doi:10.3389/fvets.2018.00005

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…As previously shown in mice, we predicted that a conspecific state of pain would result in conditioned place aversion [17]. Finally, we examined whether calf empathic responses are dependent on 'pain-related' behaviours [15] commonly used in the assessment of calf pain following disbudding. We predicted that calves showing more pain behaviours would be more attractive as a social partner and elicit stronger conditioned aversion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Social approach and place aversion in relation to conspecific pain in dairy calves

2020

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Despite scientific interest in animal empathy, and growing public concern for farm animal welfare, the empathic abilities of farm animals remain under researched. In this study, we investigated empathic responses of young Holstein dairy calves to conspecifics recovering from hot-iron disbudding, a painful procedure common on dairy farms. A combination of social approach and place conditioning was used. First, 'observer' calves witnessed two 'demonstrator' calves recover from either a painful procedure (hot-iron disbudding and sedation) or a sham procedure (sedation alone) in distinct pens. Observer calves spent more time in proximity and paid more attention to calves recovering from the painful procedure compared to sham calves (proximity: 59.6 ± 4.3%; attention: 54.3 ± 1.5%). Observers were then tested for conditioned place aversion (in the absence of demonstrators) at 48h, 72h and 96h after the second demonstration; observers tended to avoid the pen associated with conspecific pain during the second of the three tests, spending 34.8 ± 9.6% of their time in this pen. No strong evidence of pain empathy was found, but our tentative results encourage further research on empathy in animals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Most farm animals are gregarious, including cattle, so the social environment is likely to be relevant [13]. Moreover, cattle are routinely subjected to painful procedures, including hot-iron disbudding for dairy calves [14,15], providing an opportune model to explore empathic responses to pain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social approach and place aversion in relation to conspecific pain in dairy calves

2020

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“…Farm animals can suffer from pain throughout their lives. All mammalian female farm animals give birth at least once in their lives, and it is often without the provision of either anesthesia or analgesia during the process [ 21 ]. As happens in other species, it has been demonstrated that farrowing itself is a painful moment for the sows [ 19 , 21 , 22 ], and a difficult farrowing may affect sow behavior through exhaustion, sickness, or pain [ 23 ], which can develop into deficient maternal behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Facial Expression Scale Using Farrowing as a Model of Pain in Sows

Navarro

Mainau²,

Manteca

2020

Animals

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Changes in facial expression have been shown to be a useful tool to assess pain severity in humans and animals, but facial scales have not yet been developed for all species. A facial expression scale in sows was developed using farrowing as a pain model. Five potential facial zones were identified: (i) Tension above eyes, (ii) Snout angle, (iii) Neck tension, (iv) Temporal tension and ear position (v), and Cheek tension. Facial zones were examined through 263 images of a total of 21 sows at farrowing, characterizing moments of non-pain (19 days post-farrowing; score 0), moderate pain (time interval between the delivery of two consecutive piglets; score 1) and severe pain (during active piglet delivery; score 2). Images were evaluated by a “Silver Standard” observer with experience in sows’ facial expressions, and by a group of eight animal welfare scientists, without experience in it, but who received a one-hour training session on how to assess pain in sows’ faces. Intra- and inter-observer reliability of the facial expression ranged from moderate to very good for all facial expression zones, with Tension above eyes, Snout angle, and Neck tension showing the highest reliability. In conclusion, monitoring facial expressions seems to be a useful tool to assess pain caused by farrowing.

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“…Garbage is a serious problem in Indonesia, especially cities with high population density [1][2][3][4]. The Padangsidimpuan City is a densely populated city, every year the population in Padangsidimpuan City is always increasing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase in population is proportional to the increase in the amount of waste [5][6][7][8][9]. The Community consumption patterns continue to rise will produce garbage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Heavy Metals Distribution in the River Town of Hamasaki's Rod Padangsidimpuan

Harahap

Lubis

2018

EKSAKTA

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Systems of waste management in Padangsidimpuan City is an open dumping system. The location of the Padangsidimpuan City landfill is carried out at the Batu Bola TPA located in Batu Bola Village which is 120 meters from the Batang Ayumi river flow. Continuous landfill in the landfill produces pollutants in the form of leachate. Leachate contains organic materials and heavy metals. Heavy metals that are often found in leachate water are Iron (Fe) cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn). This research aims to know the quality of the water of the Batang Ayumi river in terms of the content of heavy metals Cd, Zn, and Fe. This research uses descriptive exploratory method by conducting a survey first. The determination of the sampling location using purposive sampling method at four stations specified. River water sampling is carried out twice, before and after rain. This research uses an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer tool. The data obtained were analyzed by comparing research data with water quality standards based on PP. No. 82 of 2001 to look at the conditions of the heavy metal pollution of Cd, Zn and Fe. The results of this study showed that the average concentration of the metal content Cd, Zn and Fe werw below the specified quality threshold, namely the concentration of metal Cd of all stations is 0.0009 mg/l, a concentration of metal Fe is 0.03 mg/l, and concentration of Zn metal is 0.0002 mg/l.

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Garbage Management: An Important Risk Factor for HPAI-Virus Infection in Commercial Poultry Flocks

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Social approach and place aversion in relation to conspecific pain in dairy calves

Social approach and place aversion in relation to conspecific pain in dairy calves

Development of a Facial Expression Scale Using Farrowing as a Model of Pain in Sows

Analysis of Heavy Metals Distribution in the River Town of Hamasaki's Rod Padangsidimpuan

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