Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Plant and Insect Surface Compounds: Cuticular Waxes and Terpenoids

Szafranek, Beata; Paszkiewicz, Monika; Gołębiowski, Marek; Stepnowski, Piotr

doi:10.5772/34143

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…The lipid composition is determined by sex, developmental stage, temperature, dryness and available food (Espelie and Bernays, ; Baker et al, ; Szafranek et al, ; Gibbs et al , ). The conducted analyses exposed qualitative and quantitative differences in the FFA composition of C. brunneus males and females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of cuticular and internal fatty acids of Chorthippus brunneus males and females using HPLC‐LLSD and GC–MS

Gołębiowski

Cerkowniak

Ostachowska

et al. 2016

Biomedical Chromatography

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Insects are of growing significance in veterinary medicine and human healthcare; therefore, an understanding of their biology is very important. The cuticular and internal fatty acid compositions of Chorthippus brunneus males and females have been studied for the first time. The lipids of males and females were separated into classes of compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography with a laser light scattering detector. The free fatty acid (FFA) fractions obtained by HPLC were silylated and then analyzed by GC-MS. The cuticular lipids of males contained 15 saturated, four unsaturated with even-numbered and two unsaturated with odd-numbered carbon chains, FFAs ranging from C8 to C25. The major free fatty acids in males were C16 (20.8%), C18:2 (8.5%), C18:1 (32.9%) and C18 (24.4%). The cuticular lipids of females contained 17 saturated, four monounsaturated and two diunsaturated free fatty acids ranging from C8 to C30. The major cuticular fatty acids in females were C16 (25.1%), C18:2 (6.2%), C18:1 (23.7%) and C18:0 (33.2%). The internal FFAs of males consisted of 20 compounds ranging from C8 to C26. Four of these compounds were detected as major compounds: C16 (14.1%), C18:2 (21.6%), C18:1 (38.0%) and C18 (22.5%). Among 18 internal free fatty acids of females, C16 (22.3%), C18:2 (10.9%), C18:1 (40.2%) and C18 (20.5%) were the most abundant compounds. The following cuticular fatty acids present in the lipids of females were absent in the lipids of males: C26, C27 and C30. On the other hand, only C24 was absent from the cuticular lipids of females. Only C10 and C24 internal fatty acids present in the lipids of males were absent in the lipids of females. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley& Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of cuticular and internal fatty acids of Chorthippus brunneus males and females using HPLC‐LLSD and GC–MS

Gołębiowski

Cerkowniak

Ostachowska

et al. 2016

Biomedical Chromatography

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“…The Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium produces FAEEs and FAMEs as aggregation pheromone [32], and the honeybee Apis mellifera larvae produces FAEEs and FAMEs as brood pheromone [33]. However, in these latter two cases, the FAEEs and FAMEs were extracted from the ground-up insects rather than from the surface [34]. Honeybee adults produce EO as a primer pheromone, but the EO is found primarily in the crop [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Signals Synchronize the Life Cycles of a Plant-Parasitic Nematode and Its Vector Beetle

et al. 2013

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The pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus has caused severe damage to pine forests in large parts of the world [1-4]. Dispersal of this plant-parasitic nematode occurs when the nematode develops into the dispersal fourth larval stage (LIV) upon encountering its insect vector, the Monochamus pine sawyer beetle, inside an infected pine tree [5-9]. Here, we show that LIV formation in B. xylophilus is induced by C16 and C18 fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which are produced abundantly on the body surface of the vector beetle specifically during the late development pupal, emerging adult, and newly eclosed adult stages. The LIV can then enter the tracheal system of the adult beetle for dispersal to a new pine tree. Treatment of B. xylophilus with long-chain FAEEs, or the PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002, promotes LIV formation, while Δ7-dafachronic acid blocks the effects of these chemicals, suggesting a conserved role for the insulin/IGF-1 and DAF-12 pathways in LIV formation. Our work provides a mechanism by which LIV formation in B. xylophilus is specifically coordinated with the life cycle of its vector beetle. Knowledge of the chemical signals that control the LIV developmental decision could be used to interfere with the dispersal of this plant-parasitic nematode.

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“…A P ‐value ≤ 0.05 in Student's t ‐test or P ‐value < 0.05 and Q ‐value < 0.05 in EDGE analysis were used as criteria to define metabolic features with significant changes between samples. Known wax components (Szafranek et al , ) were excluded as arising from the epidermal cuticle, unavoidably present during sample preparation, except for wax components previously identified in GCPs (Jin et al , ; Zhu and Assmann, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics of red‐light‐induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana: Coupling with abscisic acid and jasmonic acid metabolism

et al. 2019

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Summary Environmental stimuli‐triggered stomatal movement is a key physiological process that regulates CO2 uptake and water loss in plants. Stomata are defined by pairs of guard cells that perceive and transduce external signals, leading to cellular volume changes and consequent stomatal aperture change. Within the visible light spectrum, red light induces stomatal opening in intact leaves. However, there has been debate regarding the extent to which red‐light‐induced stomatal opening arises from direct guard cell sensing of red light versus indirect responses as a result of red light influences on mesophyll photosynthesis. Here we identify conditions that result in red‐light‐stimulated stomatal opening in isolated epidermal peels and enlargement of protoplasts, firmly establishing a direct guard cell response to red light. We then employ metabolomics workflows utilizing gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for metabolite profiling and identification of Arabidopsis guard cell metabolic signatures in response to red light in the absence of the mesophyll. We quantified 223 metabolites in Arabidopsis guard cells, with 104 found to be red light responsive. These red‐light‐modulated metabolites participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon balance, phytohormone biosynthesis and redox homeostasis. We next analyzed selected Arabidopsis mutants, and discovered that stomatal opening response to red light is correlated with a decrease in guard cell abscisic acid content and an increase in jasmonic acid content. The red‐light‐modulated guard cell metabolome reported here provides fundamental information concerning autonomous red light signaling pathways in guard cells.

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Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Plant and Insect Surface Compounds: Cuticular Waxes and Terpenoids

Cited by 6 publications

References 170 publications

Determination of cuticular and internal fatty acids of Chorthippus brunneus males and females using HPLC‐LLSD and GC–MS

Determination of cuticular and internal fatty acids of Chorthippus brunneus males and females using HPLC‐LLSD and GC–MS

Chemical Signals Synchronize the Life Cycles of a Plant-Parasitic Nematode and Its Vector Beetle

Metabolomics of red‐light‐induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana: Coupling with abscisic acid and jasmonic acid metabolism

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