Gas-phase diagnostics by laser-induced gratings II. Experiments

Stampanoni-Panariello, A.; Kozlov,; Radi, P. P.; Hemmerling, B.

doi:10.1007/s00340-005-1853-y

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This was first demonstrated for gas phase studies by Hemmerling and co-workers [193,194] and the work of this group has been reviewed some years ago [195]. The detailed analysis of the internal relaxation channels in even the relatively simple case of a diatomic molecule such as O 2 proved to be a complex matter as outlined above [186].…”

Section: Molecular Physics Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Kiefer

Ewart

2011

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

131

112

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Laser-based methods have transformed combustion diagnostics in the past few decades. The high intensity, coherence, high spectral resolution and frequency tunability available from laser radiation has provided powerful tools for studying microscopic processes and macroscopic phenomena in combustion by linear and nonlinear optical processes. This review focuses on nonlinear optical techniques based on resonant four-wave mixing for non-intrusive measurements of minor species in combustion. The importance of minor species such as reaction intermediates is outlined together with the challenges they present for detection and measurement in the hostile environments of flames, technical combustors, and engines. The limitations of conventional optical methods for such measurements are described and the particular advantages of coherent methods using nonlinear optical techniques are discussed.The basic physics underlying four-wave wave mixing processes and theoretical models for signal calculation are then presented together with a discussion of how combustion parameters may be derived from analysis of signals generated in various four-wave mixing processes. The most important four-wave mixing processes, in this context, are then reviewed:Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM), Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), Laser Induced Grating Spectroscopy (LIGS) and Polarization Spectroscopy (PS). In each case the fundamental physics is outlined to explain the particular properties and diagnostic advantages of each technique. The application of the methods mentioned to molecular physics studies of combustion species is then reviewed along with their application in measurement of concentration, temperature and other combustion parameters. Related nonlinear techniques and recent extensions to the ultra-fast regime are briefly reviewed. Finally practical considerations relevant to multi-dimensional and multi-species measurements, as well as applications in technical combustion systems are discussed.Keywords: nonlinear optical spectroscopy, four-wave mixing, combustion diagnostics, minor species detection, laser-induced gratings, polarization spectroscopy IntroductionEnergy from renewable sources such as solar and wind power is the goal of much current research and technological development. Combustion, however, is and is likely to remain for the foreseeable future, the most important energy source for heat, electrical power and especially for transportation. In technical combustion systems the chemical energy of fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil and natural gas is converted into heat through oxidation with oxygen from air. However, fossil fuel resources are limited and alternatives like biofuels [1] or novel technologies such as fuel cells [2] are not yet able to meet the demand. Consequently, for a sustainable use of fossil fuels it is desirable to further improve the efficiency, maintainability and reliability of existing combustion devices. Achieving such improvements depends upon an improved understanding of t...

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Section: Molecular Physics Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Kiefer

Ewart

2011

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

131

112

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“…LIGs have been used to determine local temperature, 33 -40 pressure, 39,41 mixture fraction 34,38,42 and flow velocities. 40,43 -46 An overview of the recent activities has been given by Stampanioni-Panariello et al 47 The aim of the present work is to further study the potential and the methodological aspects of using the LIG technique for local fuel concentration measurements in trial laboratory experiments in view of future technical applications. Propane, a major component of LPG, is employed in these experiments as a fuel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local fuel concentration measurements for mixture formation diagnostics using diffraction by laser‐induced gratings in comparison to spontaneous Raman scattering

Kiefer¹,

Kozlov

Seeger³

et al. 2008

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The potential of the laser-induced gratings (LIGs) technique for the determination of fuel concentrations is investigated in comparison to the well-established spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) technique. At pulse-repetitive excitation, the temporal shape of the LIG signals, containing non-resonant electrostrictive and resonant thermal contributions, as well as the Raman spectra were recorded in single-shot and accumulation modes. The measurements were performed in a laboratory system: in mixtures of propane as a fuel with nitrogen and air under stationary conditions in order to provide calibration data and to investigate the single-shot precision of measurements; and in the course of pulsed injection of gaseous propane into air at elevated pressures and temperatures. In the latter case, parameters of the experiment such as temperature, amount of injected gas and pressure were adjusted to be close to conditions of practical interest existing in real engines with direct injection (DI). The temporal variation of local propane concentration was tracked after the start of the injection pulse. Various approaches to the fast evaluation of the temporal shape of the measured LIG signals were tested, and their applicability in different ranges of propane concentrations, as well as single-shot measurement precision, were investigated. The results of employing the LIG technique were compared to those provided by the evaluation of the ratio of the integrated line intensities in the recorded SRS spectra.

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“…In stronger absorbing media diffraction by thermal gratings may appear as the dominant process. More information about the theory of LIGs and their application to gasphase diagnostics can be found, e. g., in recent reviews [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-resolved measurement of the local equivalence ratio in a gaseous propane injection process using laser-induced gratings

et al. 2006

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Abstract:For the first time laser-induced gratings (LIGs) have been used for the investigation of a non-stationary pulse-repetitive injection process of gaseous propane, C 3 H 8 , into air. By recording and evaluating single-shot LIG signals it was possible to determine, on a cycle-averaged basis, the temporal evolution of the local (within a probe volume 300 μm in diameter and 10 mm in length) equivalence ratio and by this the fuel-air ratio. Two different data treatment strategies, subject to C 3 H 8 concentration range, were first tested at stationary conditions and then used to evaluate the LIG signals obtained during the injection process. The relative standard deviation of single-shot measurements were estimated to be 0.14 and 0.32 at 0.8 % and 10 % of propane concentration, respectively.

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Gas-phase diagnostics by laser-induced gratings II. Experiments

Cited by 35 publications

References 43 publications

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Laser diagnostics and minor species detection in combustion using resonant four-wave mixing

Local fuel concentration measurements for mixture formation diagnostics using diffraction by laser‐induced gratings in comparison to spontaneous Raman scattering

Time-resolved measurement of the local equivalence ratio in a gaseous propane injection process using laser-induced gratings

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