Gastrointestinal and hepatic involvement during COVID-19 pandemic: A focus on pediatric population and possible future implications

Sica, Rossella; Pennoni, Serena; Penta, Laura; Riccioni, Sara; Cara, Giuseppe Di; Verrotti, Alberto

doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.7000

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In that study, the authors showed that intranasal or gastric inoculation with SARS-CoV-2 induced infections and pathologic changes not only in respiratory tissues but also in digestive tissues[ 7 ]. In a recent letter to the World Journal of Gastroenterology ( WJG ) editor[ 8 ], Sica et al [ 8 ] contended that GI and hepatic involvement are the most common presenting symptoms of COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome recently described in children and adolescents. This syndrome can lead to shock and multiple organ failure requiring intensive care[ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial cells and blood vessels are major targets for COVID-19-induced tissue injury and spreading to various organs

Tarnawski¹,

Ahluwalia²

2022

WJG

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected so far over 250 million people and caused the death of over 5 million worldwide. Aging, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, conditions with preexisting impaired endothelial functions predispose to COVID-19. While respiratory epithelium is the main route of virus entry, the endothelial cells (ECs) lining pulmonary blood vessels are also an integral part of lung injury in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 not only affects the lungs and respiratory system but also gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, pancreas, kidneys, heart, brain, and skin. Blood vessels are likely conduits for the virus dissemination to these distant organs. Importantly, ECs are also critical for vascular regeneration during injury/lesions healing and restoration of vascular network. The World Journal of Gastroenterology has published in last two years over 67 outstanding papers on COVID-19 infection with a focus on the GI tract, liver, pancreas, etc. , however, the role of the endothelial and vascular components as major targets for COVID-19-induced tissue injury, spreading to various organs, and injury healing have not been sufficiently emphasized. In the present article, we focus on these subjects and on current treatments including the most recent oral drugs molnupiravir and paxlovid that show a dramatic, significant efficacy in controlling severe COVID-19 infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial cells and blood vessels are major targets for COVID-19-induced tissue injury and spreading to various organs

Tarnawski¹,

Ahluwalia²

2022

WJG

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“…A liver biopsy was performed in two children who showed parenchyma inflammation with lymphocytic portal, as well as the bile duct proliferations. All three children were provided with a steroid treatment, which resulted in liver enzyme improvement and overall successful therapy [80].…”

Section: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome In Children (Mismentioning

confidence: 99%

The course of COVID-19 in pediatric patients – specific and non-specific clinical manifestations

Januszewski,

Tobiasz,

Tyczyńska

et al. 2023

J Pre Clin Clin Res.

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Introduction and Objective. COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV 2 is a still serious danger. The disease which triggered off the COVID-19 pandemic and one of the biggest health crises in many years, began in the city of Wuhan, China, in 2019. The aim of this review is to distinguish most of the specific and non-specific manifestations of the disease among children. Review Methods. The literature review was based on different types of articles including reviews, meta-analyses, systemic reviews, and randomized controlled trials on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Key words featured COVID-19, MIS-C, SARS-CoV-2 manifestations, and specific, and non-specific manifestations of COVID-19. The literature search was performed until September 2023, and concerned only paediatric patients. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Research based on already published studies prevents the forming of firm conclusions. There are different symptoms of COVID-19 infection, some of them are typical, mild, and do not concern medical care units. There are also some non-specific manifestations, often related to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), which are more severe and sometimes demand involving intensive care units. Conclusions. A large group of infected children with asymptomatic or present mild symptoms of COVID-19. Nonspecific manifestations, such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, psychiatric, neurological, ophthalmic, dermatological, or rheumatological symptoms, can potentially be misleading and require more attention.

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“…Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are the main extra‐pulmonary manifestations of COVID‐19, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, and the incidence is between 40% and 60% 110,111 . The prevalence of GI symptoms in female patients was significantly higher than in male patients 112 .…”

Section: Manifestations Of Long Covid In Multiple Organsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long COVID: The latest manifestations, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions

Cheng

et al. 2022

MedComm

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COVID‐19 caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection affects humans not only during the acute phase of the infection, but also several weeks to 2 years after the recovery. SARS‐CoV‐2 infects a variety of cells in the human body, including lung cells, intestinal cells, vascular endothelial cells, olfactory epithelial cells, etc. The damages caused by the infections of these cells and enduring immune response are the basis of long COVID. Notably, the changes in gene expression caused by viral infection can also indirectly contribute to long COVID. We summarized the occurrences of both common and uncommon long COVID, including damages to lung and respiratory system, olfactory and taste deficiency, damages to myocardial, renal, muscle, and enduring inflammation. Moreover, we provided potential treatments for long COVID symptoms manifested in different organs and systems, which were based on the pathogenesis and the associations between symptoms in different organs. Importantly, we compared the differences in symptoms and frequency of long COVID caused by breakthrough infection after vaccination and infection with different variants of concern, in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of long COVID and propose improvement for tackling COVID‐19.

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Gastrointestinal and hepatic involvement during COVID-19 pandemic: A focus on pediatric population and possible future implications

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

Endothelial cells and blood vessels are major targets for COVID-19-induced tissue injury and spreading to various organs

Endothelial cells and blood vessels are major targets for COVID-19-induced tissue injury and spreading to various organs

The course of COVID-19 in pediatric patients – specific and non-specific clinical manifestations

Long COVID: The latest manifestations, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions

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