Gastrointestinal Motility

Oral and intravenous l‐[1‐13C]phenylalanine delivery measure similar rates of elimination when gastric emptying and splanchnic extraction are accounted for in adult mixed hounds1–4

“…Gamma camera scintigraphy is regarded as the ‘gold standard’ as it provides a direct and non‐invasive quantification of gastric emptying. However, clinical use has been hampered by the lack of standardization of the technique and the risks of exposure to radiation (Starr et al., 2001). Modelling of oral l‐ [1‐ 13 C]Phe bolus dosing used in this study is similar in methodology to the 13 C‐octanoic acid breath test with correction for post‐gastric processing (Maes et al., 1998) and the acetaminophen test (Cant et al., 2006), all of which rely on appearance of a rapidly absorbed indicator to index gastric outflow.…”

Computer modeling of digestive processes in the alimentary tract and their physiological regulation mechanisms: closing the gap between digestion models and in vivo behavior

“…Valeriy Poroyko, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), United States Focusing on food digestion in humans, much understanding of the mechanical, enzymatic, and fermentative breakdown of food materials has been obtained from in vivo studies, analyzing the behavior of separate digestive organs (mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine), by tracking the motility, digestive fluid release, and progression of digestion through imaging and sampling techniques (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) in healthy and diseased states and from studies on animals. These studies have been supplemented by a large number of in vitro and ex vivo digestion studies, using laboratory setups in which enzymes, microbes, or simulated secretions from digestive glands have been added to food material (13, 14), and cell biological studies (15)(16)(17).…”

“…Phasic contraction occurs in the tubular geometries of the esophagus, distal stomach (antrum), and small and large intestines. In the fed state, the phasic contractions result in rhythmic waves that generally progress distally, through neural coupling between excitators of contraction, producing peristaltic waves that mix and grind the luminal content and propel this content distally ( 10 ), in this way distributing the nutrients and actives toward the absorptive surfaces of the small intestine and through the colon. The precise progression of peristaltic waves is however complex ( 6 , 8 ), and state of feeding, individual differences, and various diseases ( 2 ), including psychological stress, lead to large differences in these motility patterns ( 3–5 , 7 , 12 , 34 ).…”

Gastric functional monitoring by gastric electrical impedance tomography (gEIT) suit with dual-step fuzzy clustering

“…The intra gastric barostat is considered as the golden standard to directly measure gastric function using polyethylene bag implanted in the proximal stomach through inflation or deflation of the polyethylene bag. During emptying phase, the intra gastric barostat detects decreasing of polyethylene bag volume as the results of increasing pressure in the proximal stomach 7 . MRI determines gastric function level using interaction of magnetic field and particle properties inside stomach, then simultaneous MRI scans the abdomen to determine gastric functional activity through MRI volumetric image reconstruction 8 .…”