Gastrointestinal transit: The effect of the menstrual cycle

Wald, Arnold; Thiel, David H. Van; Hoechstetter, Leah; Gavaler, Judith S.; Egler, Kimberly M.; Verm, Raymond A.; Scott, Larry D.; Lester, Roger

doi:10.1016/0016-5085(81)90263-8

Cited by 364 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Hormonal variations during the menstrual cycle have been associated with changes in oesophageal and gallbladder contractility. Oro-caecal transit time has also been reported to be prolonged during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle [2,3]. Studies during pregnancy have shown that a delay in gastrointestinal transit time occurs in the last week before delivery, when progesterone plasma concentration has increased ten times or more above non-pregnant levels [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our results are in agreement with those of Horowitz et al [9], who found no correlation between gastric emptying rates and plasma levels of oestradiol or progesterone; Turnbull et al [14] also failed to find a relationship between phases of the menstrual cycle and orocaecal transit time in normal and constipated women. These authors suggested that the delay in transit that had been reported during the luteal phase, when plasma progesterone levels were highest, could result from a delay in transit through the small intestine [2] or be related to the effects of progesterone on fasted and fed intestinal motility [14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gastrointestinal motility is subject to the influence of sex hormones, as indicated by the presence of gastrooesophageal reflux, prolonged oral-to-caecal transit time and biliary dysfunction during pregnancy [1][2][3], and by the identification of receptors to steroids of ovarian origin in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract of baboons and guinea-pigs [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of the menstrual cycle and of menopause on the gastric emptying rate of solids in female volunteers

et al. 1993

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The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the normal menstrual cycle and of menopause on the gastric emptying rate of solids. Gastric emptying was studied in 15 premenopausal and ten postmenopausal women with an isotopic technique after the ingestion of a radiolabelled test meal. Premenopausal women were studied twice: within 1 week prior to menses and again 1 week after onset of menses. Postmenopausal women were studied only once. The emptying curves of the solid component of the meal fitted a linear model. The half-emptying time was 78 +/- 5 min during the follicular phase, 75 +/- 7 min during the luteal phase and 76 +/- 6 min in postmenopausal women (differences not statistically significant). The mean percentages of the meal retained in the stomach at different time intervals were also similar in the three groups. These results suggest that the menstrual cycle does not influence the gastric emptying rate of solids, which remains unchanged in relation to the follicular phase or after menopause.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of the menstrual cycle and of menopause on the gastric emptying rate of solids in female volunteers

et al. 1993

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“…As there is evidence that gastric acid secretion differs betwccn men and women (4,5), it is anticipated that drug absorption is also influenced. Gastric emptying and also gastrointestinal transit time is slower in females than in males and appears to be correlated with the level of sex hormones (6)(7)(8). Thus, during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy, gastrointestinal transit time is delayed as it is in females taking exogenous hormones.…”

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in pharmacokinetics

Gundert‐Remy

1996

European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics

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There is growing awareness that the underrepresentation of women in clinical trials and in particular in phase I studies may lead to incorrect handling of drugs. Despite the fact that investigations are not informed in a systematic way, there are a number of examples showing pharmacokinetic differences between gender. From the data actually presented, it can be concluded that the activity of CYP 3A4 activity as measured by elimination in vivo is higher in women compared to men. CYP isoenzymes other than CYP 3A4 seem to be more active in men than in woman, as are conjugation reactions, such as glucuronidation. The influence of changing hormonal levels during the lifetime of a woman has been looked at in some drugs but deserves further systematic investigation. The use of oral contraceptives can interfere with the metabolism of many drugs whereas, in pregnancy, the elimination of antiepileptics is increased which, without dose adjustment, leads to an increased number of seizures. The impacts of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) on the pharmacokinetics of concomitantly given drugs is an important issue, as HRT is increasingly used, but more research is needed in this field.

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“…10,11 This is especially relevant to the patient being considered for liver transplantation, because sepsis of enteric origin may severely compromise the postoperative course. The basis for this altered motility is unknown, although elevated levels of circulating sex hormones, such as have been described in chronic liver disease, 12 could influence gastrointestinal motility [13][14][15] through effects on smooth muscle function. [16][17][18] The aim of this study was to further evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of foregut motor dysfunction in patients with advanced chronic liver disease and portal hypertension who were undergoing evaluation for liver transplantation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastric emptying and orocecal transit in portal hypertension and end-stage chronic liver disease

et al. 1997

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Our aim was to evaluate gastric emptying and orocecal transit in patients with end-stage liver disease and portal hypertension undergoing evaluation for liver transplantation. Although gastric emptying half-times for both liquid and solid emptying were similar in patients with chronic liver disease and control subjects, orocecal transit, as measured by a scintigraphic technique, was significantly prolonged in the patients with liver disease (transit time, minutes, mean +/- SEM, patients versus controls: 127 +/- 10.5 versus 80 +/- 9.5, P < .003). Serum levels of progesterone and estradiol were similar in patients and controls. We conclude that small intestinal transit is delayed in patients with advanced liver disease and portal hypertension and may contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms and promote sepsis of enteric origin in this patient population.

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Gastrointestinal transit: The effect of the menstrual cycle

Cited by 364 publications

References 20 publications

Influence of the menstrual cycle and of menopause on the gastric emptying rate of solids in female volunteers

Influence of the menstrual cycle and of menopause on the gastric emptying rate of solids in female volunteers

Gender differences in pharmacokinetics

Gastric emptying and orocecal transit in portal hypertension and end-stage chronic liver disease

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